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Journals
Output Type
Information Bedlam: Russian and Chinese Information Operations During Covid-19
Center for European Policy Analysis (CEPA) (2021), 20 pp.
"Based on a literature review through January 2021, evaluated at an expert seminar, this policy brief provides a baseline analysis of changing tactics, narratives, and distribution strategies in Russian and Chinese information operations (IOs) relating to the covid-19 pandemic. Key findings: China c
...
Adapting Security Warnings to Counter Online Disinformation
USENIX Security Symposium (2021), 18 pp.
"Disinformation is proliferating on the internet, and platforms are responding by attaching warnings to content. There is little evidence, however, that these warnings help users identify or avoid disinformation. In this work, we adapt methods and results from the information security warning litera
...
Humanitarian Communication in a Post-Truth World
Journal of Humanitarian Affairs, volume 1, issue 1 (2021), pp. 49-55
"When people look online for information about humanitarian crises, they increasingly encounter media content that blurs the line between reality and fiction. This includes everything from rumour and exaggeration to partisan journalism and completely invented stories designed to look like real news
...
Edelman Trust Barometer 2021: Global Report
Edelman (2021), 58 slides
"After a year of unprecedented disaster and turbulence – the Covid-19 pandemic and economic crisis, the global outcry over systemic racism and political instability – the 2021 Edelman Trust Barometer reveals an epidemic of misinformation and widespread mistrust of societal institutions and leade
...
Of Social Discipline and Control: The Impact of Fake News and Disinformation on Minorities in Indonesia
Association for Progressive Communications (APC) (2021), 28 pp.
"1. The findings reveal the disproportionate impact fake news has on minority communities in Indonesia, including psychological stress, economic damage, sexual and physical violence and harm. 2. It sheds light on how fake news has been weaponized by hegemonic groups in society to both amass various
...
Policy Papers: Perspectives on Gendered Disinformation
Digital Rights Foundation (DRF); Heinrich Böll Stiftung (2021), 85 pp.
"Through these mediations on gendered disinformation, and the variety of perspectives that the authors bring, we call into question hegemonic structures of knowledge production. The anthology forces us to call into question the very idea of objectivity, blurring lines between 'truth' and 'lies'. The
...
Democracy and Fake News: Information Manipulation and Post-Truth Politics
London; New York: Routledge (2021), xiv, 232 pp.
"This book explores the challenges that disinformation, fake news, and post-truth politics pose to democracy from a multidisciplinary perspective. The authors analyse and interpret how the use of technology and social media as well as the emergence of new political narratives has been progressively
...
Disinformation Primer
Key Guides
USAID (2021), 96 pp.
"This primer presents an overview of disinformation culture to give readers a sense of key concepts, terminology, select case studies, and programmatic design options. Disinformation is by no means new. Although social media platforms have emerged as the most efficient spreaders of false information
...
How Information Disorder Affirms Authoritarianism and Destabilizes Democracy: Evidence, Trends, and Actionable Mitigation Strategies from Asia and the Pacific
Washington, DC: USAID; Integra Government Services International LLC; Asia Emerging Opportunities (AEO) Activity (2021), 130 pp.
"Section 2 of this report provides an overview of information disorder in Asia and the Pacific and describes how it destabilizes democracy and strengthens authoritarianism. After situating information disorder in Asia and the Pacific in its historical context, Section 2 examines which actors 1) spre
...
Checking PolitiFact’s Fact-Checks
Journalism Studies, volume 22, issue 3 (2021), pp. 358-378
"In this article we examine PolitiFact’s fact-checking process. We collect a random sample of 858 fact-checks and evaluate them in the light of criteria based on or inspired by fact-checking literature and the International Fact-checking Network’s code of principles. Our analysis reveals the fol
...
Authoritarianism and Gendered Disinformation: A Case Study of the Philippines
Washington, DC: Elliott School of International Affairs Global Capstone; #ShePersisted (2021), 39 pp.
"First, disinformation is enabled by the Philippines' history of colonialism and martial law, high social media usage and low digital literacy, compounding crises, strongman governance, and sexist and misogynist rhetoric from elected leaders. While the first three factors create conditions that gene
...
Disinformation Toolkit 2.0: How Civil Society and Non-Governmental Organizations Can Combat Harmful Mis- and Disinformation
Key Guides
InterAction (2021), 49 pp.
"This report includes framing context to strategically understand and respond to disinformation in the aid sector (part 1), followed by three separate but linked sets of analyses, recommendations, and tools (parts 2, 3, and 4) spanning core perspectives relevant to InterAction Member organizations.
...
Overlooking the Political Economy in the Research on Propaganda
Harvard Kennedy School Misinformation Review, volume 2, issue special issue (2021), 14 pp.
"A thematic meta-analysis – of recent literature on online propaganda in the context of the Global South, and 20 Facebook-funded research projects in 2018 – shows that research is overwhelmingly focused on the psychological and behavioral impacts of propaganda. This research advocates for promot
...
Combating Foreign Disinformation on Social Media: Study Overview and Conclusions
Santa Monica, Calif.: RAND Corporation (2021), xvi, 119 pp.
"Drawing on a host of different primary and secondary sources and more than 150 original interviews from across the U.S. government, the joint force, industry, civil society, and subject-matter experts from nine countries around the world, researchers examined how China, Russia, and North Korea have
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How Journalists Can Address Misinformation on Telegram
Oxford: Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism (2021), 35 pp.
"As of July 2021, Telegram had 550 million active users worldwide – more than the individual user bases of Twitter, Snapchat or Discord. It is the fifth most-popular messaging app after Facebook-owned Whatsapp and Messenger, and WeChat and QQ which dominate the Chinese market [...] For this paper,
...
Data Science for Fake News: Surveys and Perspective
Cham: Springer (2021), xiv, 302 pp.
"This book provides an overview of fake news detection, both through a variety of tutorial-style survey articles that capture advancements in the field from various facets and in a somewhat unique direction through expert perspectives from various disciplines. The approach is based on the idea that
...
Information Disorder and Mainstream Media in Sri Lanka: A Case Study
Verité Research (VR) (2021), 34 pp.
"This study attempts to contribute to literature that analyzes the role of Sri Lanka’s mainstream media as a producer and distributor of information disorder. For this purpose, a case study approach is used to evaluate reporting on Dr. Segu Siyabdeen Mohamed Shafi. The study focuses on the Sri Lan
...
What Does Fake Look Like? A Review of the Literature on Intentional Deception in the News and on Social Media
Journalism Studies, volume 22, issue 14 (2021), pp. 1947-1963
"This paper focuses on the content features of intentional deceptive information in the news (i.e., fake news) and on social media. Based on an extensive review of relevant literature (i.e., political journalism and communication, computational linguistics), we take stock of existing knowledge and p
...
Disinformation in Iraqi Media
London: LSE Middle East Centre; Conflict Research Programme (CRP) (2021), 21 pp.
"This paper examines the key narratives of disinformation that are prevalent in Iraqi media. It provides an analysis of the messages, agents, intentions and impact of the spread of disinformation. Focusing particularly on the period during which planned national elections were postponed, it identifi
...
From Grassroots Activism to Disinformation: Social Media in Southeast Asia
Singapore: ISEAS (2021), 277 pp.
"This book reflects on the role of social media in the past two decades in Southeast Asia. It traces the emergence of social media discourse in Southeast Asia, and its potential as a "liberation technology" in both democratizing and authoritarian states. It explains the growing decline in internet f
...
