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Addressing Hate Speech: Educational Responses

Nicole Fournier-Sylvester

Paris: UNESCO (2022), 14 pp.

"This paper will discuss the challenges and opportunities of addressing both online and offline hate speech through education and recommend comprehensive approaches for effective educational strategies. Incorporating context-based teaching and learning practices that promote responsible global citiz ... more

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Turning Social Listening Data Into Action: Barriers and Recommendations Observed Through a COVID-19 Rumor Response

Alejandro Posada, Rocio Lopez Iñigo, Jamie Sport

Internews (2022), 23 pp.

"[...] seven key informant interviews were conducted with humanitarian organizations that have been at the forefront of social listening projects throughout the COVID-19 pandemic. Although we anchored the research in the COVID-19 response, our findings suggest that the uses and impacts of social lis ... tening are applicable across all elements of humanitarian response besides COVID-19 and even beyond health. The paper is structured around three components: (1) the differences between what organizations are hoping for (expected results) and what they have observed so far (observed results) in relation to the impacts of social listening, (2) the major barriers affecting the utilization of findings derived from social listening, (3) a preliminary brainstorm around recommendations that could mitigate the effects ofthe barriers identified and contribute to a realization of the expected results. Interviewees expressed expectations for long-term and structural benefits from the ongoing use of social listening findings. The most common expected results include contributions to improved infodemic management that is receptive to community concerns, stronger community engagement, more responsive programming and policy design, and more collaboration between humanitarian and health actors. Our findings suggest that, although some of these structural promises have not yet been realized, significant foundations have been laid. Organizations have observed that social listening findings are already contributing to improvements in RCCE, internal adaptations of program design, growth and acceptance of social listening throughout organizations, and a growing influence on public health policy. Despite these important results, there are still major challenges preventing the realization of social listening as a transformational tool for humanitarian response. Thirteen major barriers were identified, which exist at every stage of the traditional social listening project workflow. For data collection and analysis, the study found that the qualitative nature of the data, the predominance of a social media-only listening approach without an offline component, a reliance on traditional engagement statistics, limited qualified human resources, and issues around collaboration all hamper the effective use of social listening findings." (Conclusion) more

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Researching the Evolving Online Ecosystem: Barriers, Methods and Future Challenges

Jakob Guhl, Oliver Marsh, Henry Tuck

London: Institute for Strategic Dialogue (ISD) (2022), 35 pp.

"This report outlines the findings from the initial scoping phase of a project supported by a grant from Omidyar Network and launched by the Institute for Strategic Dialogue (ISD) and CASM Technology to identify online spaces used by extremist, hate and disinformation actors and communities as they ... more

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Disinformation on Refugees from Ukraine: Boosting Europe’s Resilience After Russia’s Invasion

Alberto-Horst Neidhardt

Brussels: European Policy Centre (2022), 35 pp.

"The war in Ukraine is just the latest instance where attention-grabbing events have fuelled the rapid spread of false or misleading news about refugees and migrants. This Issue Paper examines the challenges posed by disinformation about refugees from Ukraine, as well as the responses taken so far t ... more

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The Rise of the Brazilian Fact-checking Movement: Between Economic Sustainability and Editorial Independence

Thales Lelo

Journalism Studies, volume 23, issue 9 (2022), pp. 1077-1095

"This study addresses the expansion of Brazilian fact-checking enterprises, focusing on their funding sources and challenges to ensure editorial autonomy. The research is mainly grounded in semi-structured interviews with 16 fact-checkers from 13 active organizations, and includes complementary data ... more

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Action Plan: Combatting misinformation and disinformation for Caribbean media workers

Public Media Alliance; UNESCO; Association of Caribbean Media Workers (2022), 3 pp.

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Una guía para principiantes para establecer una organización de fact-checking en América Latina y el Caribe

Martín Slipczuk

Montevideo: UNESCO (2022), 25 pp.

"El objetivo de la guía es que los interesados en establecer una organización de fact-checking en la región puedan entender conceptos básicos de cómo chequear frases de políticos y desmentir desinformaciones, así como también reciban recomendaciones sobre cómo difundir estas notas y otras s ... more

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Fact-Checking and Audience Engagement: A Study of Content Analysis and Audience Behavioral Data of Fact-Checking Coverage from News Media

Hyun Suk Kim, Yoo Ji Suh, Eun-mee Kim, Eunryung Chong, Hwajung Hong et al.

Digital Journalism, volume 10, issue 5 (2022), pp. 781-800

"This study examined (a) what message variations characterize news articles that fact-check (mis)information (N¼914) and (b) how those message features shape audience engagement with the articles. The study content-analyzed fact-checking coverage from major news outlets in South Korea using both ma ... more

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The Kremlin's Troll Network Never Sleeps: Inauthentic Pro-Kremlin Online Behavior on Facebook in Germany, Italy, Romania and Hungary

Lóránt Gyori, Csaba Molnár, Péter Krekó, Patrik Szicherle et al.

Budapest: Political Capital Institute (2022), 36 pp.

"The research – based on programmatic text-mining supported analyses of several millions of war-related comments scraped by Sentione and further examined with CrowdTangle - found traces of inauthentic, repetitive pro-Kremlin activity on Facebook in all countries under review, which can be consider ... ed attempts to influence public opinion in the affected states and, in some cases, beyond them. Our main conclusions are: Crises help the Kremlin. Even if public opinion in the EU is currently unfavorable to the Kremlin, the onset of high, permanent inflation, soaring energy prices and the looming danger of an EU-wide recession could create a more favorable environment for the Kremlin’s propaganda efforts. Most (covertly) Kremlin-friendly forces will adopt a rhetoric blasting sanctions for harming Europe more than Russia. Importing disinformation narratives. Three out of the four narratives found in Hungary were imported into the country from abroad. One doubting Ukraine’s existence as a country started from an organization connected to Ukrainian pro-Putin oligarch Viktor Medvechuk, taken over by the so-called “news agency” of separatists. Another narrative detailing a new, dictatorial world order based on, among others, COVID-19 restrictions, and led by NATO was aimed at developing countries where Russia can hope to hold more sway. The third essentially took over a trend in the Russian media space: users tried to discredit anti-war voices by asking them “where they were in the past eight years” when Ukraine committed atrocities against minorities. Strategies in Germany: Divide and Rule. The six relevant narratives we found in Germany employed three different strategies. The first was anti-Westernism, where the US and NATO are to blame for Russia’s attack. The second aimed clearly at generating debates by spreading a Kremlin-critical narrative. Some profiles involved in this were caught disseminating both pro-Kremlin and anti-Kremlin narratives, which indicates it is not intended to counter the Kremlin’s information operation but to be a part of it. The third strategy was about exploiting contemporary events - such as heightened discussions on sanctions and rising inflation." (Executive summary) more

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Media Literacy, Disinformation & Misinformation in the Caribbean

Public Media Alliance; UNESCO; Media Institute of the Caribbean; Association of Caribbean Media Workers (2022), 78 pp.

"This situation report herein analyses media and information literacy (MIL), disinformation, and trust in news across the Caribbean. It contains country reports from eight researchers, covering eight Caribbean nations: the Bahamas, Barbados, Grenada, Guyana, Jamaica, St. Vincent & the Grenadines, Su ... more

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Topic and Sentiment Analysis of Responses to Muslim Clerics’ Misinformation Correction About COVID-19 Vaccine: Comparison of Three Machine Learning Models

Md Enamul Kabir

Online Media and Global Communication, volume 1, issue 3 (2022), pp. 497-523

"This study employed three machine learning algorithms, Naïve Bayes, SVM, and a Balanced Random Forest to build a sentiment model that can detect Muslim sentiment about Muslim clerics’ anti-misinformation campaign on YouTube. Overall, 9701 comments were collected. An LDA-based topic model was als ... more

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Effect of a social media-based counselling intervention in countering fake news on COVID-19 vaccine in Nigeria

Felix Olajide Talabi, Ikechukwu Peter Ugbor, Moyinoluwa Joseph Talabi et al.

Health Promotion International, volume 37, issue 2: daab140 (2022), 10 pp.

"The aim of this study was to understand the impact of counselling in countering fake news-related COVID-19 vaccine. We conducted two separate experiments. In the first experiment, we exposed the treatment group to fake news on COVID-19 vaccine through a WhatsApp group chat while the control group w ... more

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Disinformation, Hoaxes, Curation and Verification: Review of Studies in Ibero-America 2017-2020

Javier Guallar, Lluis Codina, Pere Freixa, Pérez-Montoro Mario

Online Media and Global Communication, volume 1, issue 3 (2022), pp. 648-668

"This article is aligned with the recommendations of the main international organizations that fight against disinformation and infodemic, providing a review work that can be useful for researchers, professionals and scholars of the subject. Review articles like this one also help to establish futur ... more

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Content Moderation and Freedom of Expression: Bridging the Gap Between Social Media and Local Civil Society

Article 19; UNESCO (2022), 46 pp.

"This report presents a summary analysis of research on current practices of content moderation in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Indonesia, and Kenya, with a specific focus on 'harmful content' such as 'hate speech' and disinformation. The methodology combined desk research with qualitative interviews wit ... more

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Cyber Security Politics: Socio-Technological Transformations and Political Fragmentation

Myriam Dunn Cavelty, Andreas Wenger (eds.)

London; New York: Routledge (2022), xii, 272 pp.

"Structured along two broad themes and providing empirical examples for how socio-technical changes and political responses interact, the first part of the book looks at the current use of cyberspace in conflictual settings, while the second focuses on political responses by state and non-state acto ... more

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Demystifying Disinformation Shadow Economies: Fake News Work Models in Indonesia and the Philippines

Jonathan Corpus Ong

Asian Journal of Communication, volume 32, issue 3 (2022), pp. 251-267

"[...] this article contributes ethnographically grounded and comparative research of two democratic Southeast Asian countries dealing with urgent threats to media freedom and democracy: Indonesia and the Philippines. Our research identifies the main disinformation work models in Southeast Asia, mos ... more

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Digital Enquirer Kit: Guidebook

Denisse Albornoz, Yiorgos Bagakis, Safa Ghnaim Andira et al.

Tactical Tech (2022), 26 pp.

"The Digital Enquirer Kit is an e-learning course focused on preventing the spread of misinformation. The course covers media literacy, verification, as well as how to navigate the internet and research safely. This e-learning course was written for civil society activists, human rights defenders, i ... more

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From Grassroots Activism to Disinformation: Social Media in Southeast Asia

Aim Sinpeng, Ross Tapsell (eds.)

Singapore: ISEAS (2021), 277 pp.

"This book reflects on the role of social media in the past two decades in Southeast Asia. It traces the emergence of social media discourse in Southeast Asia, and its potential as a "liberation technology" in both democratizing and authoritarian states. It explains the growing decline in internet f ... more

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Borrowing Mouths to Speak on Xinjiang

Fergus Ryan, Ariel Bogle, Nathan Ruser et al.

Australian Strategic Policy Institute (ASPI), International Cyber Policy Centre (2021), 40 pp.

"This report explores how the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) uses foreign social media influencers to shape and push messages domestically and internationally about Xinjiang that are aligned with its own preferred narratives. Our research has found key instances in which Chinese state entities have s ... more

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Cyber Capabilities as a New Resource of Power Conflicts in the Digital Sphere

Jason Chumtong, Christina Stolte

International Reports (Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung), issue 1 (2021), pp. 95-105

"Interestingly, traditional sources of power, such as military and economic strength, are not a prerequisite for success in cyberspace. It is true that the premier league of cyber powers also includes many traditional major powers in its ranks. But states need very few resources to build their cyber ... capabilities and exploit them to project influence, as the examples of international outsiders like Iran and Venezuela demonstrate. In some ways, cyber capabilities even seem ideally suited to allowing small and medium-sized countries to increase their influence because they represent an effective tool of asymmetric warfare. Even though they require relatively few resources and low-threshold technology, they have the potential to inflict considerable damage when deployed against other countries Attacks on poorly protected public authorities, businesses, or even infrastructure can cause serious damage to other countries. The risks for the attacker are reasonably low because attribution of the attacks is usually difficult and time-consuming. On top of this, the evidence is seldom clear, and consistent denial of any involvement is part and parcel of cyber warfare. This is also one of the key differences from previous power struggles at the international level. While the global battle for power and influence has always been accompanied by visible demonstrations of power and the accumulation of status symbols, the struggle in cyberspace takes place under the radar. This makes it especially difficult to identify shifts of power occurring today. Particularly in the field of information warfare, an area of growing importance in both national and international conflicts, states that were never previously on the radar as global players are now increasing their international influence. Yet, these countries recognised the potential of digital technologies at an early stage and are exploiting them with great success. Many of them have a wealth of experience in this respect due to having deployed the tools of information warfare against their own citizens and political opponents for many years. They can now direct this expertise towards other countries to wield global influence." (Conclusion, page 103) more