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Journals
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What Works: Addressing COVID-19 Misinformation. Lessons from the Frontlines in 100 Countries
Internews (2021), 14 pp.
"A global COVID-19 vaccine rollout must be coupled with funding and strategies to support trusted local media worldwide. The experience of communities in countries across the world demonstrates an urgent need to support groups at the local level if misinformation and mistrust is to be tackled effect
...
"In this paper, ARIJ proposes the following recommendations which target the greater media community. This includes media institutions concerned with the press, unions, press unions and donors who support this venture. We maintain that disinformation is a product of a social and political environmen
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Sticking to the Facts, Building trust: Our Cure for Disinformation
Lausanne: Fondation Hirondelle (2021), 9 pp.
"Fondation Hirondelle's approach to disinformation centres on the fundamental principles of journalism and on the lessons learned from over 25 years of applying these principles in highly fragile contexts, where access to reliable information for the majority is not a given, and where rumours, hate
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Cyber Capabilities and National Power: A Net Assessment
London et al.: International Institute for Strategic Studies (IISS) (2021), 174 pp.
"This report sets out a new methodology for assessing cyber power, and then applies it to 15 states: Four members of the Five Eyes intelligence alliance – the United States, the United Kingdom, Canada and Australia; Three cyber-capable allies of the Five Eyes states – France, Israel and Japan; F
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What Does Fake Look Like? A Review of the Literature on Intentional Deception in the News and on Social Media
Journalism Studies, volume 22, issue 14 (2021), pp. 1947-1963
"This paper focuses on the content features of intentional deceptive information in the news (i.e., fake news) and on social media. Based on an extensive review of relevant literature (i.e., political journalism and communication, computational linguistics), we take stock of existing knowledge and p
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Policy Papers: Perspectives on Gendered Disinformation
Digital Rights Foundation (DRF); Heinrich Böll Stiftung (2021), 85 pp.
"Through these mediations on gendered disinformation, and the variety of perspectives that the authors bring, we call into question hegemonic structures of knowledge production. The anthology forces us to call into question the very idea of objectivity, blurring lines between 'truth' and 'lies'. The
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National Regulatory and Self-Regulatory Framework Against Hate Speech and Disinformation: Factsheet Turkey
Ljubljana: South East European Network for Professionalization of Media (SEENPM) (2021), 14 pp.
"The current legislation should include a direct expression of hate speech and expand the scope of hate speech in terms of person and subject as much as possible. The anti-discrimination state bodies should focus on protecting the human rights of the most vulnerable groups, broadening legal protecti
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"The Digital Enquirer Kit is an e-learning course that guides learners through lessons on how to prevent the spread of misinformation, available on the free platform atingi.org. The course covers topics including media literacy, verification, and how to navigate the internet safely. The first four m
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The Impact of Disinformation on Democratic Processes and Human Rights in the World
Brussels: European Parliament, Directorate General for External Policies of the Union (2021), 54 pp.
"Disinformation undermines human rights and many elements of good quality democracy; but counter-disinformation measures can also have a prejudicial impact on human rights and democracy. COVID-19 compounds both these dynamics and has unleashed more intense waves of disinformation, allied to human ri
...
Misinformation Policy in Sub-Saharan Africa: From Laws and Regulations to Media Literacy
London: University of Westminster Press (2021), 220 pp.
"The volume first examines the teaching of media literacy in state-run schools in seven Sub-Saharan African countries as of mid-2020, as relates to misinformation. It explains the limited elements of broad media and information literacy (MIL) included in the curricula in the seven countries studied
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The Psychology of Fake News: Accepting, Sharing, and Correcting Misinformation
London; New York: Routledge (2021), x, 239 pp.
"In a general climate where facts and misinformation blur, and are intentionally blurred, this book asks what determines whether people accept and share (mis)information, and what can be done to counter misinformation? All three of these aspects need to be understood in the context of online social
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WHO Public Health Research Agenda for Managing Infodemics
Geneva: World Health Organization (WHO) (2021), xii, 53 pp.
"The five research streams are listed below. For each stream, three top research questions were identified, resulting in a list of 15 top priority research questions for the public health research agenda for infodemic management. Further, we listed for each subcategory a second tier of important res
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Edelman Trust Barometer 2021: Global Report
Edelman (2021), 58 slides
"After a year of unprecedented disaster and turbulence – the Covid-19 pandemic and economic crisis, the global outcry over systemic racism and political instability – the 2021 Edelman Trust Barometer reveals an epidemic of misinformation and widespread mistrust of societal institutions and leade
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Respuestas para combatir la desinformación en procesos electorales en Perú
Lima: UNESCO (2021), 72 pp.
"Este informe de UNESCO en Perú analiza una variedad de respuestas que han sido implementadas en el país para contrarrestar los efectos de la desinformación durante las Elecciones Generales 2021. El estudio reconoce que diversas organizaciones han contribuido en la lucha contra las llamadas fake
...
Overlooking the Political Economy in the Research on Propaganda
Harvard Kennedy School Misinformation Review, volume 2, issue special issue (2021), 14 pp.
"A thematic meta-analysis – of recent literature on online propaganda in the context of the Global South, and 20 Facebook-funded research projects in 2018 – shows that research is overwhelmingly focused on the psychological and behavioral impacts of propaganda. This research advocates for promot
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"O presente relatório propôs, através de uma análise de transparência passiva e ativa, um diagnóstico quanto à transparência e a garantia do direito de acesso à informação pública de saúde, em período sensível de calamidade no Brasil - a pandemia do novo coronavírus. O contexto de in
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"The most effective propaganda resonates with audiences’ underlying worldviews and personal experiences. In order to fight it, one has to understand the mindsets that it preys on. This paper sets out to do exactly that. We first track a set of Kremlin-aligned propaganda narratives across Ukrainian
...
Final Report
Aspen Institute (2021), 78 pp.
"This report is the culmination of an in-depth investigation aimed at better defining the causes and challenges of information disorder, and offering a viable framework for action [...] The Aspen Institute’s Commission on Information Disorder invited voices from across our society to help build up
...
The Truth Gap: How Misinformation and Disinformation Online Affect the Lives, Learning and Leadership of Girls and Young Women
Surrey: Plan International (2021), 46 pp.
"We surveyed over 26,000 girls and young women in 26 countries. 91% of girls and young women surveyed are concerned about misinformation and/or disinformation online. 40% of those surveyed are extremely or very concerned. Misinformation and disinformation are having a negative impact on 87% of the g
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How Information Disorder Affirms Authoritarianism and Destabilizes Democracy: Evidence, Trends, and Actionable Mitigation Strategies from Asia and the Pacific
Washington, DC: USAID; Integra Government Services International LLC; Asia Emerging Opportunities (AEO) Activity (2021), 130 pp.
"Section 2 of this report provides an overview of information disorder in Asia and the Pacific and describes how it destabilizes democracy and strengthens authoritarianism. After situating information disorder in Asia and the Pacific in its historical context, Section 2 examines which actors 1) spre
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