commbox Law, Regulation, Media Policies

Law, Regulation, Media Policies

Filter

956

Sort by:

Direction:

Download (23)

Weaponising the law: Threats to media freedom in Kenya

Lawrence Mute, Andrew Songa

Thomson Reuters Foundation (2026), 55 pp.

"This report presents a comprehensive analysis of the legal threats to media freedom in Kenya today. For the purposes of this report, weaponisation of the law is defined as the deliberate use or misuse of legal provisions and processes to intimidate, silence, or economically weaken media actors. Des ... pite robust constitutional safeguards for freedom of expression and of the media, as well as a vibrant media sector, Kenya continues to experience setbacks in the realisation of these rights, alongside improvements in some areas. This report follows the global Weaponizing the Law: Attacks on Media Freedom report, published in 2023, by providing a country-specific analysis of the Kenyan context. Informed by an initial desktop review of relevant laws, regulations and court decisions, the research included an industry survey and focus group discussions, which identified six primary categories of legal threats: the abuse of court processes; regressive and disabling legislation; weak implementation of media laws; technology-facilitated harms; impunity and safety of journalists; the sustainability of the media industry. This report presents these threats thematically rather than in order of severity, reflecting the fact that they do not occur in isolation, but intersect with broader patterns of political influence, intimidation, and pressure from certain private actors. Together, they undermine independent journalism and weaken the long-term sustainability of the media sector. Our survey found that 42% of media actors in Kenya have faced legal threats in response to their work, including litigation, arrest, and the shutting down of online platforms. A summary of these key threats is outlined below. Moreover, 65% of media professionals who responded to our survey highlighted legal protections as their top support need to ensure the sustainability of journalism in Kenya. Throughout the research and across the six categories of threats documented in this report, three cross-cutting themes have emerged: 1. Legal tools are increasingly used to punish, deter, or delegitimise critical journalism. 2. Institutional weaknesses, such as inconsistent implementation and limited enforcement, undermine the effectiveness of legal protections already on the books. 3. Rapid technological change is outpacing the law, leaving journalists exposed to new risks ranging from AI-driven market disruptions to technology-facilitated gender-based violence. These issues are not unique to the Kenyan context; the solutions will lie in collaborative action that harnesses the expertise of a breadth of stakeholders across the media freedom ecosystem within the country and region." (Executive summary) more

Download (16)

Potenciar la palabra: El FOMECA como política pública de fomento a los medios comunitarios en Argentina (2013-2023)

Diego Martín Jaimes

Quito: CIESPAL, 2da ed. (2026), 344 pp.

"Este libro da cuenta: • de las posibilidades reales de una comunidad organizada y estratégica: el Foro Argentino de Radios Comunitarias, su relación con otras organizaciones populares, su capacidad de articular con espacios universitarios, el espliegue nacional popular y latinoamericano de sus ... activistas y la clara convicción de incidir en las políticas públicas. Prueba de esto, es el trabajo que esa red de medios populares ha desarrollado en torno de la sanción de la Ley de Servicios de Comunicación Audiovisual 26522 sancionada en el año 2009 durante el gobierno presidido por la Dra. Cristina Fernández de Kirchner. Esta ley se constituyó en un marco para el desarrollo del sector de los medios populares, alternativos y comunitarios, incluyó a las universidades públicas, la escuela pública, los pueblos originarios, y promovió la creación de nuevos contenidos y empleo en la industria audiovisual argentina, entre otras cualidades en materia de políticas de comunicación; • del impacto que en los medios comunitarios y en el mismo Esatado, tiene una fuerte participación de estos en la co creación de políticas públicas, tengase en cuenta que FARCO ha sido unos de los actores fundamentales en la elaboración de la Ley 26522 de Servicios de Comunicación Audiovisual, en la articulación con sindicatos y organizaciones populares, partidos políticos y en la articulación con las universidades nacionales en materia de estrategias políticas y de formación; • de la importancia de fortalecer las políticas del denominado Fondo de Fomento Concursable -FOMECA- y al mismo tiempo ser destinatarias sus emisoras populares distribuidas en todo el territorio argentino. De su incidencia real cuando las administraciones gubernamentales priorizan la comunicación con enfoque de derechos y cuando no. Es más, diría, que este trabajo investigativo deja claro cuáles son las que favorecen al sector social de la comunicación y cuáles no; • da cuenta de una epistemología del hacer y gestionar, de administrar y de proceder estratégicamente, por sobre todo explica criterios y posibilidades para producir políticas de comunicación absolutamente posibles cuando hay decisión política real. Tiene a su vez la virtud, de destacar con perspectiva crítica y rigurosa aquello que está descuidado en su implementación, y que transformado las proyecciones podrán ser favorables." (Prólogo, páginas 18-19) more

External Link (68)

The Architecture of Media Capture: Typologies, Global Patterns, and the Tech Threat

Marius Dragomir

Tallinn; London: Media Journalism Research Center (MJRC) (2026), 29 pp.

"Media capture, the systematic subordination of news media to the political and commercial interests of ruling elites, has become one of the defining governance crises of the 21st century. Where the 20th century’s threats to press freedom were primarily those of outright censorship and state-contr ... more

Google Scholar (136)

WorldCat (118)

Regulating New Media in Africa: Politics, Law and Governance

Vincent Obia, Sulayman Bah, Yemisi Akinbobola, Oliver Carter (eds.)

Intellect (2026), 242 pp.

"A collection of research on digital media regulatory interventions across Africa, an area that has largely been overlooked in the literature. It considers a range of perspectives from scholars within and outside Africa on the subject, providing a compendium on digital media regulation on the contin ... more

Download (44)

Communication and democracy in Brazil and Germany: Media accountability, public service media, internet access and right to information

Danilo Rothberg, Susanne Fengler, Fernando Oliveira Paulino, Rogério Christofoletti (eds.)

São Paulo: Cultura Acadêmica (2025), 304 pp.

"The expertise brought by three important Brazilian public universities (Unesp, UnB, and UFSC), combined with the knowledge accumulated through research investment by the Technische Universität Dortmund, was taken here as a unique and rich source of knowledge capable of avoiding the pitfalls and ov ... more

External Link (160)

Declaration on the necessity of culture and media as a safeguard for our European democracies

Council of the European Union (2025), 4 pp.

"This declaration serves as a reminder that culture, cultural heritage and media policies must be a vital part of the European collaboration and European security in order to protect our democracies. We commit to upholding cultural diversity, artistic freedom and supporting media pluralism and freed ... more

Download (23)

El derecho a la no desinformación: Un nuevo derecho en Bolivia

Erick R. Torrico Villanueva

La Paz: Universidad Mayor de San Andrés (UMSA); Instituto de Investigación, Posgrado e Interacción Social en Comunicación (IpiCOM) (2025), 148 pp.

"Asumiendo a la democracia como un sistema fundado en la vigencia de derechos y leyes, este libro aborda el tema de la desinformación desde la perspectiva de los derechos humanos y, dentro de ella, de los que competen a la información y la comunicación, para bosquejar una estrategia inédita de e ... more

External Link (157)

Changing Media Landscape, Same Persistent Problems. The Future of the Media in Albania – Facts and Trends

Ilda Londo

Sarajevo; Tirana; Ljubljana: Mediacentar; Albanian Media Institute; Peace Institute; South East European Network for Professionalization of Media (SEENPM) (2025), 33 pp.

"Analysis of media in Albania and mapping of main trends through credible, regular, and complete data is a problematic endeavour. However, the data available show that it is safe to say that challenges for professional journalism remain formidable in Albania. Full formality of the media market has n ... more

External Link (144)

Media Bias, Legislative Challenges, and the Fight for Freedom. The Future of the Media in Serbia – Facts and Trends

Valentina Sigeti, Teodora Koledin

Sarajevo; Novi Sad; Ljubljana: Mediacentar; Novi Sad School of Journalism; Peace Institute; South East European Network for Professionalization of Media (SEENPM) (2025), 50 pp.

"Alongside the rise of new technologies and the evolving global conditions in the media industry, journalism and media in Serbia will face numerous challenges, particularly in the areas of basic media freedom and journalist protection, based on the findings of this research: • There is no reliable ... data on the number of journalists in Serbia, or how many of them are women or members of marginalized groups. • Media ownership in Serbia is highly concentrated, particularly in the television broadcasting sector, which affects media reporting. Channels with national frequencies often align their narratives with the government’s or ruling party’s agenda. • The state and ruling party demonstrate tendencies to control the media. This is evident in the newly updated law that allows business companies engaged in electronic communications, such as the state-owned Telekom, to own media outlets. Additionally, findings indicate that some media owners at the local level are connected to the ruling party. • Media financing is often misused to encourage biased reporting. Public calls for funding are corrupted by GONGO media organizations, which prioritize funding pro-government outlets; state advertising is not regulated by law, and the media community was left out of the discussion on new advertising laws; despite receiving the majority of its budget from citizens’ subscriptions, the national public broadcaster RTS is still perceived as one of the most progovernment outlets in the country; foreign donors, including the EU, US and UK, provide significant financial support for media projects in Serbia, but there is no transparent data on the total amount of money donated. • National minorities are represented through media outlets funded by National Councils of National Minorities. However, journalists from some of these media outlets work under political pressures and engage in self-censorship. National minorities living in the northern province of Serbia, Vojvodina, are also served by the provincial public broadcaster RTV. RTS does not provide content in the languages of the Bosnian, Vlach and Bulgarian communities in Serbia’s eastern and western regions. Romani and Albanian communities are represented on RTS, but the amount of content is minimal. • Television is the most commonly used source of news and information, with citizens watching up to eight hours of television daily. The most-watched TV news programmes are central-informative political shows on channels with national frequencies, which are widely considered pro-government. • Only 30% of Serbian citizens trust the media. Social media is the least trusted media type, while television is the most trusted." (Executive summary) more

External Link (164)

Our Media, Our Democracy, Our Future. The Future of the Media in the Western Balkans and Turkey – Facts and Trends. Regional Overview
Deep Insights

Sanela Hodžic, Sandra B. Hrvatin

Sarajevo; Ljubljana: Mediacentar; Peace Institute; South East European Network for Professionalization of Media (SEENPM) (2025), 57 pp.

"The results of the research conducted in Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Kosovo, North Macedonia, Montenegro, Serbia, and Turkey suggest that the key determinants for the future of our media and democracies are the following: • The poor socio-economic status of journalists and their exposure to ... pressure and attacks, coupled with modest support mechanisms, cripple the ability of journalists to promote the public interest, report on key issues of public interest, and hold power to account. In the most extreme cases, the pressure involves imprisonment, interrogation, surveillance, and lawsuits aimed at silencing journalists. • The lack of consistent monitoring and registration of cases of Strategic Lawsuits Against Public Participation (SLAPP) in the region, with dozens of lawsuits against journalists filed by political officials and their affiliates. • A growing number or media outlets, but a declining number of journalism students, highlighting concerns about the future shrinking of staff numbers in media newsrooms and about the growing automatization of journalism. The most drastic drop was in North Macedonia, with the number of journalism students in 2023 amounting to only 11% of the number from ten years ago and 50% of the number from 2000. • The number of media outlets is growing, mostly in the online sector, while print media outlets are becoming increasingly endemic. • A worrying trend of overt concentration of media ownership in the hands of a few media conglomerates, often tied to national or foreign governments, that takes a toll on media freedom and pluralism. • The dominant instrumentalization (through ownership and funding) of media (including private and public) for particular political and/or business interests limits the space for editorial independence and integrity. • Non-profit media are still a rarity in the region, with only a few non-profit radio broadcasters in some countries, and an unknown number of online platforms of civil society organizations with a community-focused mission. • Lack of transparency of the media sector, particularly a lack of accessible and reliable information concerning the media industry and the media market. • Advertising is the main source of revenues in the media sector, with the total revenues ranging between EUR 12 million in Montenegro and over EUR 4 billion in Turkey. • Although it is declining, the TV sector is still dominant in terms of its share of advertising revenues, while social media’s share is increasing, and in Turkey it amounts to as much as 45.7% of advertising revenues. • The tech giants such as Google and Meta are an increasingly dominant competitor for media outlets in the region, jeopardizing the future sustainability of national and local media outlets and potentially curbing political pluralism in public communication. • Public funding for the media, including funding of public broadcasters (declining in four out of seven countries), grants, and subsidies for media outlets and government advertising, amounts to several to dozens of millions of euros per country, taking up an important share of media revenues, but without proactive transparency, effective guarantees of editorial independence, well-defined purpose and evaluation, the opportunities to make public funding for the media an important instrument of media democratization remain under-used. • The representation of different age, gender, ethnic, religious, and other groups in media content and in the newsrooms’ staff is limited. In multiethnic communities some policies promote ethnic diversity of media content, while other identity axes are largely neglected and pluralism in public communication is very limited. Women are an important, and in many countries even dominant, workforce in the media, but remain underrepresented in managerial posts." (Executive summary) more

Download (51)

Contesting Copyright: A History of Intellectual Property in East Central Europe and the Balkans
Deep Insights

Augusta Dimou

New York: Central European University Press (2025), xxi, 481 pp.

"The creative sector, including the cultural industry, is key for today’s economy. Copyright has the capacity to x the roles and tasks of the actors involved and determine the direction of cash ows within this sector. The study of the evolution of copyright helps understand and adjust the regulati ... more

External Link (23)

Factsheet Chilling Effect on Freedom of Expression: Regional Human Rights Courts Perspective

Anderson J. Dirocie De León, Juan Manuel Ospina Sánchez, Lautaro Furfaro

Columbia University, Global Freedom of Expression (2025), 14 pp.

"This Factsheet is meant to complement our upcoming book chapter Global Standards on the Chilling Effect: A Comparative Analysis of Case Law from the African, European, and Inter-American Human Rights Systems, by highlighting how regional human rights courts have understood and addressed the chillin ... more

Download (42)

The Economic Imperative of Investing in Public Interest Media

High-Level Panel on Public Interest Media

Forum on Information & Democracy (2025), 20 pp.

"Halting the decline of public interest media requires systematically recognizing, measuring, and rewarding the true value of public interest media to national and global economies and enabling governments to more effectively guide both public and private innovation. As we have argued, too much of t ... more

External Link (104)

Paris Declaration on Multilateral Action for Information Integrity and Independent Media

Paris: High-Level International Conference on Information Integrity and Independent Media; International Fund for Public Interest Media (IFPIM), October 29 (2025)

"On the occasion of the High-Level International Conference on Information Integrity and Independent Media, we, the undersigned governments, commit to fortifying multilateral action in support of information integrity and independent media. In times of increased polarization, violations of the right ... more

External Link (79)

Recomendaciones para fortalecer el ecosistema audiovisual chileno: Foco en la ficción televisiva sobre la historia reciente

Mónika Contreras Saiz, Holle Meding, Hannah Müssemann, Stefan Rinke, Lorena Antezana Barrios, Claudia Lagos Lira, Ricardo Ramírez

Berlin: Freie Universität Berlin; GUMELAB (2025), 29 pp.

"En las últimas dos décadas, la televisión chilena ha experimentado un notable crecimiento en la producción de series de ficción que abordan episodios traumáticos de la historia reciente, especialmente la dictadura militar (1973–1990). Estas obras —que denominamos series de la memoria— n ... o solo recrean hechos históricos con alto impacto social, sino que también movilizan recuerdos personales, afectan la percepción del pasado y contribuyen a la construcción de la memoria colectiva. Estas recomendaciones surgen de la colaboración entre el proyecto GUMELAB de la Freie Universität Berlin y la Facultad de Comunicación e Imagen de la Universidad de Chile, y se enmarcan en el convenio de cooperación establecido entre esta última y el Consejo Nacional de Televisión. Nuestras investigaciones identificaron problemas clave en el ecosistema audiovisual chileno y, en específico, en la producción de ficciones audiovisuales que abordan el pasado del país: fragmentación institucional y financiera: fondos concursables aislados sin diagnóstico sistémico; barreras de entrada y descoordinación: trámites desiguales que penalizan a productoras emergentes; inestabilidad y escasa sensibilización: rotación de autoridades y visión genérica de “industrias creativas”; financiamiento insuficiente y poco mixto: énfasis en proyectos puntuales y falta de apoyos directos o gravámenes sostenibles; déficit de archivo y acceso: ausencia de política pública para conservar y facilitar el uso del patrimonio televisivo; métricas limitadas para las series históricas e internacionalización débil: rating único, sin integrar VoD, redes sociales, uso educativo ni circulación global. Con base en estos hallazgos, se proponen recomendaciones organizadas por plazos de implementación: corto plazo: diagnóstico integral de financiamiento, instrumentos y normativas, mesas técnicas interinstitucionales y sensibilización de autoridades sobre los tiempos y dinámicas del sector audiovisual; mediano plazo: desarrollo de métricas multidimensionales, ampliación de la circulación (retransmisiones, transmedia y diálogo digital), y fortalecimiento de la formación docente y profesional en el uso crítico de series históricas; largo plazo: estrategia coordinada de circulación nacional e internacional, política nacional de archivo televisivo, diversificación de financiamiento mixto y líneas especiales para series históricas en TV abierta." (Resumen ejectuivo, página 5) more

External Link (136)

Deprived Media Market, Lw Ethical Standards, Need for Effective Legislation. The Future of the Media in North Macedonia – Facts and Trends

Vesna Nikodinoska, Tamara Chausidis

Sarajevo; Skopje; Ljubljana: Mediacentar; Macedonian Institute for Media; Peace Institute; South East European Network for Professionalization of Media (SEENPM) (2025), 41 pp.

"The following conclusions can be drawn from the data analysis: • The socio-economic status of journalists should be continuously advanced via improvement of working conditions in newsrooms and greater acknowledgement of labour rights on the part of media owners and the state. • Rapid technologi ... cal and information changes impose the need for adapting the ethical and professional standards to the new digital environment, as well as creating specific guidelines for the media and journalists in terms of the use of artificial intelligence. • The interest of young people in studies in journalism, communications, and media is drastically decreasing due to the weak link between studies with the labour market, the poor economic situation in media, and the inherent risks to this profession. It is necessary to modernize the study programmes and curricula which should be in line with the newly emerging environment, as well as making it possible to interlink with the media industry. • Disinformation and non-compliance with ethical standards are often evident in online media, thus there is already a wide discussion in the media community about the legal definition of the status and functioning of the online media. • Ownership transparency in broadcast media is at a high level, which is not the case in internet media, as the latter are outside the legal scope. The legal solution for pluralism in media ownership does not correspond to the new digital environment, therefore changes are needed that will enable development of the media market and industry consolidation. • Funds from the state budget for paid political advertising during elections and public interest campaigns have increased in recent years and represent a significant source of funding for many media outlets. The above increases media dependence on state funds, as well as the possibility of corruption and media clientelism. • Professional media organizations and the civil sector support the idea of establishing a fund for the development of media pluralism, to serve as an independent mechanism for developing projects and contents of public interest. Such approach will encourage diversity, quality, and independence in the media industry. • In the media landscape, there are not enough media and/or programmes that represent ethnic groups, marginalized groups, and persons with disabilities, while non-profit media is one of the most underdeveloped segments therein. Trust in institutions, including in the media, is very low, due to the high level of systemic corruption, disinformation, non-transparency, and weak effectiveness of institutions. • Media literacy is included in formal education as a systemic approach to teaching, but awareness of its importance should be promoted more among all age groups and segments of society. • Transparent and efficient policies, comprehensive analyses, and overarching strategies are needed to cover all segments of the media market, including the digital sphere. The limited media market adversely affects the economic situation of the media, resulting in a lack of evident development of pluralism, diversity, and independence of the media in the audiovisual media sphere." (Executive summary, pages 4-5) more

External Link (179)

Democratic Decline, Economic and Political Pressures, Urgency for Reforms. The Future of the Media in Turkey – Facts and Trends

Sinem Aydinli

Sarajevo; Istanbul; Ljubljana: Mediacentar; Bianet; Peace Institute; South East European Network for Professionalization of Media (SEENPM) (2025), 39 pp.

"The state of the media and democracy in Turkey faces critical challenges that hinder freedom of expression and pluralism, due to restrictive legal frameworks, economic instability, and cross-ownership in the media sector. Although digitalization has transformed news consumption, the government’s ... more

Download (35)

Media Capture Monitoring Report: Overview. The European Media Freedom Act: The solution to Capture or Just Fine Print?

Zsuzsa Detreköi, Marius Dragomir

Vienna: International Press Institute (IPI); Media Journalism Research Center (MJRC) (2025), 30 pp.

Download (39)

M20 Johannesburg Declaration: Media Summit urges global prioritisation of information integrity for the public good

M20 Media Integrity; South African National Editors' Forum (SANEF); Media Monitoring Africa (MMA) (2025), 11 pp.

"Our call on media and civil society – as well as other stakeholders such as independent information regulatory bodies and business entities, to act on: Information integrity -- Artificial Intelligence -- Media viability -- Safety -- Women and media -- Children, young people (teenagers) and margin ... more

National safety mechanisms for journalists: Combatting impunity and strengthening national structures for the prevention, protection and prosecution of crimes committed against journalists, media workers and social media producers

Daniel Brini

Paris: UNESCO (2025), 18 pp.

"Twenty-nine (29) countries are implementing fifty-six (56) national mechanisms for the safety of journalists, media workers and social media producers. Over two thirds of operational national mechanisms implement measures in at least two of the safety areas – prevention, protection or prosecutio ... more

Our Media, Our Democracy, Our Future. The Future of the Media in the Western Balkans and Turkey – Facts and Trends. Regional Overview Deep Insights

Contesting Copyright: A History of Intellectual Property in East Central Europe and the Balkans Deep Insights

Our Media, Our Democracy, Our Future. The Future of the Media in the Western Balkans and Turkey – Facts and Trends. Regional Overview
Deep Insights

Contesting Copyright: A History of Intellectual Property in East Central Europe and the Balkans
Deep Insights