Safety of Journalists CFOM Sheffield

The Centre for Freedom of the Media (CFOM) at the University of Sheffield (UK) is an interdisciplinary research centre with global outreach on issues of media freedom, journalism safety, editorial standards and impunity. During the 2022 Academic Consultation on the UN Plan of Action on the Safety of Journalists and the Issue of Impunity, CFOM conducted a literature stocktake to scope out academic literature published in the area of media freedom, journalism safety and impunity. CFOM collated this information and produced a literature database organised by themes or countries for accessibility. The collection is especially strong on country- and region-specific safety issues and on surveys of emotional wellbeing of journalists. This special collection is curated by gemma.horton@sheffield.ac.uk.

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The Monitored Watchdogs: Journalists’ Surveillance and its Repercussions for their Professional and Personal Lives in Pakistan

Sadia Jamil

Journalism Studies, volume 22, issue 7 (2021), pp. 878-895

"Journalists, across the world, are ever more at risk of surveillance from state and non-state antagonists. However, to work safely in a monitored environment is a substantial challenge for journalists. In such regimes, journalists and media organizations are often prone to attacks by the state auth ... more

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Media Control and Post-Truth Communication

Eileen Culloty, Jane Suiter

In: Routledge Handbook of Illiberalism

András Sajó, Renáta Uitz, Stephen Holmes (eds.)

London; New York: Routledge (2021), 19 pp.

"The erosion of media freedom is a growing phenomenon. Worldwide, journalists face obstruction, hostility, and violence as powerful political and private actors exercise a repressive influence on the media system. Citing historical and contemporary cases from different geographic regions, this chapt ... more

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Media capture in Central and Eastern Europe: The corrosive impact on democracy and desecration of journalistic ethics

William Horsley

In: The Routledge Companion to Journalism Ethics

Lada Trifonova Price, Karen Sanders, Wendy N. Wyatt (eds.)

London; New York: Routledge (2021), 9 pp.

"This chapter examines the root causes, development, and corrosive effects of the progressive “capture” of influential media by populist governments and other vested interests in Central and Eastern Europe over the past 20 years. Many countries in the region have proved vulnerable to media captu ... more

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Reporting under fear and threats: The deadly cost of being a journalist in Pakistan and India

Sadia Jamil, Prabhjot Sohal

World of Media: Journal of Russian Media and Journalism Studies, issue 2 (2021), pp. 5-33

"The journalists’ right to perform their watchdog role and to do their routine jobs without fear of being killed, kidnapped, harassed, and attacked is a topic of utmost importance for freedom of the media and freedom of expression. However, in the past decade, journalists’ killings across the gl ... more

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Breaking the Silence: An Investigation into the Murder of Zubair Mujahid

Jos Midas Bartman, Saskia Baas

Free Press Unlimited; Committee to Protect Journalists (CPJ); Reporters Without Borders (2021), 30 pp.

"Zubair Mujahid was a journalist from Mirpurkhas in Pakistan whose stories exposed corruption and human rights abuses. His stories and columns were published in the Daily Jang, an Urdu language newspaper based in Karachi, Pakistan’s largest urban centre. On 23 November 2007, Zubair was shot while ... more

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The Politics of Impunity and the Shifting Media Landscape in Kenya

Philip Onguny

Athens Journal of Mass Media and Communications, volume 7, issue 1 (2021), pp. 61-78

"This article focuses on state-media relations and the shifts in the overall media landscape in Kenya. Drawing on a political economy approach to media operations in Kenya, it argues that while there are competing meanings over what constitutes "news values", "editorial independence", and "critical ... more

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Female Journalists and Safety Challenges in Selected Media Organizations in Kano State, Nigeria

Hadiza Jummai Ibrahim, Binta Rabi'u Spikin

In: Handbook of Research on Discrimination, Gender Disparity, and Safety Risks in Journalism

Sadia Jamil, Baris Çoban, Bora Ataman, Gifty Appiah-Adjei (eds.)

Hershey, PA: IGI Global (2021), pp. 366-393

"Journalism schools have being witnessing an increase in female enrollment in Nigeria, but this is not proportional to the number of women who work in media organizations. For the women who eventually get employed as journalists, they experience various safety challenges which affect their advanceme ... more

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The Press-safety Paradox of Democracies: Regime-type Duration and Journalist Killings

Jonathan A. Solis

Foreign Policy Analysis, volume 17, issue 1, oraa007 (2021), [no pag.]

"Previous research finds that journalist killings are more likely to occur in democracies rather than non-democracies. While these results provide an important first step in exploring regime type's effect on journalist's safety, they assume no variation in how long countries have remained a regime t ... more

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Nigeria: Democratic press, authoritarian government?

Chinyere Stella Okunna, Ngozi Marion Emmanuel, Henry Chigozie Duru

In: The Global Handbook of Media Accountability

Susanne Fengler, Tobias Eberwein, Matthias Karmasin (eds.)

London; New York: Routledge (2021), pp. 324-334

"The Nigerian media scene is notably vibrant, which can be perceived as a democratization of communication and liberalization of the press where anyone with the means to own a media establishment can do so. Thus, the challenge with the Nigerian media is no longer the issue of access but, rather, tha ... more

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The emotional well-being of journalists exposed to traumatic events: A mapping review

Jonas Osmann, Jeffrey Dvorkin, Yoel Inbar, Elizabeth Page-Gould, Anthony Feinstein

Media, War & Conflict, volume 14, issue 4 (2021), pp. 476–502

"This article presents a mapping review of the available literature on the emotional well-being of journalists exposed to traumatic events. The review consists of three parts: (a) a summary of the results of trauma-related literature; (b) identification of the limitations of studies to date; and (c) ... more

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Globalizing the Battle Against Impunity

Joel Simon, Elisabeth Witchel

In: Regardless of Frontiers: Global Freedom of Expression in a Troubled World

Agnès Callamard, Lee Bollinger (eds.)

New York: Colombia University Press (2021), pp. 227-252

"When press freedom groups began a campaign against impunity, they set out to gain justice in individual cases of journalists murdered for their work. Did a global norm evolve in the process? Among the rights guaranteed by the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, Article 19, is notable for its ele ... more

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Bulgarian Journalists Under Pressure: Threats, Violence, and Freedom of Speech

Ivaylo Yoshkov

In: Handbook of Research on Discrimination, Gender Disparity, and Safety Risks in Journalism

Sadia Jamil, Baris Çoban, Bora Ataman, Gifty Appiah-Adjei (eds.)

Hershey, PA: IGI Global (2021), pp. 212-231

"Bulgarian journalists are under pressure. Although the country has been a member of the EU for 13 years and the legislation on freedom of speech corresponds to Western practices, the country ranks 111th in the annual Freedom of Speech Index. While the cases of work-related physical violence against ... more

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Gender-Sensitive Safety Policies for Newsrooms: Guidelines and Checklist

Paris: UNESCO (2021), 10 pp.

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The Chilling: Global Trends in Online Violence Against Women Journalists. Research Discussion Paper
Top Insights

Julie Posetti, Nabeelah Shabbir, Diana Maynard, Kalina Bontcheva, Nermine Aboulez

UNESCO (2021), 94 pp.

"Online attacks on women journalists appear to be increasing significantly, as this study demonstrates, particularly in the context of the ‘shadow pandemic’ of violence against women during COVID-19. The pandemic has changed journalists’ working conditions, making them yet more dependent on di ... more

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Handbook of Research on Discrimination, Gender Disparity, and Safety Risks in Journalism

Sadia Jamil, Baris Çoban, Bora Ataman, Gifty Appiah-Adjei (eds.)

Hershey, PA: IGI Global (2021), xxiv, 459 pp.

"Today, a variety of gender-based threats and discrimination continue to characterize journalism. Both male and female journalists are prone to online and offline threats, casual stereotypes in their routine work, and discrimination (especially in terms of job opportunities, promotion, and pay-scale ... more

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Journalism safety in the time of populism: A cautionary tale from the US

Elena Cosentino

In: Populism, the Pandemic and the Media: Journalism in the age of Covid, Trump, Brexit and Johnson

John Mair, Tor Clark, Neil Fowler, Raymond Snoddy, Richard Tait (eds.)

London; New York: Routledge (2021), 9 pp.

"How did the home of freedom of expression become a very dangerous place to report the democratic process? Elena Cosentino, director of the International News Safety Institute, says the American experience is a lesson for us all." (Abstract)

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Report on Media Freedom in Moldova

Freedom House; USAID (2021), 11 pp.

"The media sector in Moldova is diverse. Dogged investigative reporting plays a vital role in public life. However, the legal framework governing the sector is unstable and underdeveloped. In 2020, much of the country’s political class treated the independent press with hostility, viewing journali ... more

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Reporting Safely: An assessment of risk management practices employed by news organisations in support of journalists operating in areas of conflict, 2009-2019

Mark Alexander Grant

University of Portsmouth (2021), 267 pp.

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Public violence against journalists and media

Florence Le Cam, Fábio Henrique Pereira, Denis Ruellan

Sur le Journalisme, About Journalism, Sobre Jornalismo, volume 10, issue 1 (2021), pp. 14-17

"Violence against journalists is nothing new. It has been around in various iterations for decades: harsh criticism of the profession, media headquarters ransacked and destroyed, journalists considered bargaining chips or a means to apply pressure during periods of conflict, or during political, eco ... more

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Safe. Strong. Viable. The Symbiosis Between Media Safety and Media Viability

Laura Moore, Petra Aldenrath, Nadine Jurrat (eds.)

Bonn: Deutsche Welle DW Akademie (2021), 41 pp.

"The interviews and the analyses by the experts show that: –– Quality content increases safety. The editors interviewed for this publication confirm that fair and balanced journalism, which clearly distinguishes between facts and opinion and treats the people at the center of the story with resp ... more

The Chilling: Global Trends in Online Violence Against Women Journalists. Research Discussion Paper Top Insights

The Chilling: Global Trends in Online Violence Against Women Journalists. Research Discussion Paper
Top Insights