Safety of Journalists CFOM Sheffield

The Centre for Freedom of the Media (CFOM) at the University of Sheffield (UK) is an interdisciplinary research centre with global outreach on issues of media freedom, journalism safety, editorial standards and impunity. During the 2022 Academic Consultation on the UN Plan of Action on the Safety of Journalists and the Issue of Impunity, CFOM conducted a literature stocktake to scope out academic literature published in the area of media freedom, journalism safety and impunity. CFOM collated this information and produced a literature database organised by themes or countries for accessibility.  The collection is especially strong on country- and region-specific safety issues and on surveys of emotional wellbeing of journalists. This special collection is curated by gemma.horton@sheffield.ac.uk.

Special collections
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Topics
Safety of Journalists, Safety Risks of Media Workers
465
Harassment & Intimidation of Journalists
185
Journalists Dealing with Risks & Threats, Resilience & Wellbeing of Media Workers
176
Female Journalists & Media Workers
132
Media Freedom, Press Freedom
107
Safety of Journalists: Law & Public Policies
78
Conflict Reporting, Armed Conflict Reporting
73
Killings of Journalists & Media Personnel
53
Violence Against Journalists & Media Personnel
53
Self-Censorship
53
Working Conditions of Journalists & Media Personnel
50
Impunity for Crimes Against Journalists & Media Personnel
42
War Reporting
39
Cybersecurity, Digital Safety, Privacy, Right to Privacy
28
Media Assistance: Freedom of Expression & Safety of Journalists
28
Press Freedom & Communication Rights Violations
28
Journalism Education & Training
28
COVID-19 Pandemic: Effects on Journalism, Media & Communication
28
Surveillance, Surveillance Technologies, Spyware
20
Foreign Correspondents
19
Investigative Journalism
19
Gender-Based Online Harassment & Sexual Threats
15
Censorship
13
Gender-Based Harassment, Intimidation & Violence
13
Journalists: Professional Identity & Values
13
Crime & Violence Reporting
12
Humanitarian Law
12
Protests, Protest Movements, Protest Reporting & Media Representation
12
Media Law & Regulation
12
Human Rights Protection
12
COVID-19 Communication
11
Media Law & Regulation: International Standards & Practices
11
Journalism
11
United Nations Plan of Action on the Safety of Journalists and the Issue of Impunity
10
Cyberbullying, Cyberharassment
10
Freelance Journalists & Media Workers
10
Freedom of Expression
9
Countering Defamation & Harassment
9
Media Landscapes, Media Systems, Media Situation in General
9
Digital Activism, Cyber Advocacy
8
Local Journalism
8
Election Reporting
8
Authoritarian Regimes: Government Communication Strategies
7
Authoritarian Regimes: Media Systems & Landscapes
7
Digital Journalism, Online Journalism
7
Editorial Independence
6
Exile Journalism, Exile Media
6
Citizen Journalism, Community Journalism
6
Conflict Areas: Media Systems, Media Landscapes, Role of Media
6
Social Media in Political Communication
6
Countering Hate Speech, Disinformation & Propaganda
6
Journalism Ethics
6
United Nations (UN)
6
Photojournalism
6
Media Capture, Vested Political & Other Interests in the Media
6
Freedom of Expression Lobbying & Communication Rights Campaigning
5
Conflict-Sensitive & Peace Journalism
5
Foreign Conflict Reporting, International War Reporting
5
Trauma: Media Representation & Reporting
5
Journalistic Social Media Use
5
Media Viability & Financial Sustainability
5
Emergency Medical Aid
5
Russia: Foreign Information Operations, International Broadcasting, Public Diplomacy
5
UNESCO
5
Stringers & Fixers (Journalism)
5
Diversity & Pluralism in Media / Communication
5
Human Rights Violations
5
Police
5
Democracy / Democratization and Media
5
Research in Media & Communication
5
Access to Public Information, Freedom of Information, Right to Information
4
Advocacy
4
Freedom of Expression Principles
4
Indirect Censorship, Soft Censorship
4
Strategic Lawsuits Against Public Participation (SLAPP)
4
Military: Communication Strategies & Practices
4
Extremism & Terrorism Reporting
4
Disaster & Humanitarian Crisis Reporting
4
Disinformation, Misinformation, Fake News
4
Feminism & Communication
4
Transnational Journalism Cooperation & News Exchange
4
Council of Europe
4
Journalism Education Curricula
4
Journalists
4
Media Assistance
4
Populism
4
Corruption & Combating Corruption
4
Open Data
3
Authoritarian Regimes, Dictatorships
3
Internet Censorship Circumvention Tools & Strategies
3
Government Communication Strategies
3
Community Radios
3
Iraq War (2003)
3
Russia-Ukraine War <2014-
3
Trauma, Coping with Trauma, Trauma Therapy
3
Documenting Human Rights Violations
3
Accountability & Transparency of the Media
3
Associations & Networks of Journalists
3
Media Reporting, Reporting on Journalism & Communication Issues
3
Television Journalism
3
Media & Communication Policies
3
Post-Socialist Media Systems & Landscapes
3
Migration & Refugees Reporting & (Social) Media Representation
3
Caruana Galizia, Daphne (1964-2017)
3
Right-Wing Extremism
3
Public Media, State Media
3
Networks & Networking
3
User-Generated Contents
3
Civic Engagement, Citizen Participation, Civil Society & Media
2
Gender Advocacy & Empowerment, Gender Mainstreaming
2
Media Advocacy, Media Activism
2
Audience Feedback, Interaction & Participation
2
Independent & Oppositional Media in Authoritarian Regimes
2
Political Cartoons & Comics
2
Film Actors, Directors & Producers, Filmmakers
2
Data Protection: Law & Regulation
2
Media / Communication Control
2
Crisis Communication
2
Genocides
2
Perpetrators
2
Boko Haram
2
Transitional Justice Reporting
2
Media Criticism
2
Minority Journalists
2
Conspiracy Narratives, Conspiracy Theories
2
Climate Change Communication, Climate Journalism
2
Defamation Law & Regulation
2
Bribery & Corruption in Journalism
2
Objectivity & Veracity of Reporting
2
Fact-Checking & Verification of Sources
2
Gender Discrimination, Gender Inequalities
2
Good Practice Examples
2
Indigenous Journalists & Communicators
2
China: Transnational Information Operations, International Broadcasting, Public Diplomacy
2
Transnational & Comparative Communication Research
2
European Union (EU)
2
UNESCO & IPDC Media Assistance
2
Reporters Sans Frontièrs
2
Journalism Concepts & Cultures
2
Journalism Studies & Research
2
Journalistic Quality
2
Exiled Journalists
2
Corruption Reporting & Role of Media in Curbing Corruption
2
Political Reporting
2
Local Communication & Media
2
Confidential Sources, Whistleblowing, Protection of Journalists' Sources
2
Law & Regulation: Protection of Confidential Sources & Whistleblowers
2
Conflict & War Photography
2
Military
2
Opinion Leaders, Politicians, Decision Makers, Elites
2
Kompas (Newspaper, Indonesia)
2
Islamist Communications & Media
2
Research Methods
2
Crimes, Criminality, Organized Crime
2
Disappeared People, Missing People
2
Resilience
2
Access to Media & Information
1
Access to Media & Information: Migrants, Refugees, Diasporas
1
Access to Information Laws, Right to Information Regulation
1
Editorial Independence: Influence of Advertisers
1
Advocacy Campaigns
1
Civic Engagement, Citizen Participation, Civil Society & Digital Communication
1
Audiences & Users
1
Audience Expectations & Satisfaction
1
Audience Orientation
1
Social Media Analytics, Web Metrics, User Data Analytics
1
Trust in the Media, Credibility of Media
1
Authoritarian Regimes: Transnational Repression
1
Election Campaigns
1
Catholic Media
1
Documentaries, Television Documentaries, Web Documentaries
1
Digital Media Censorship, Control & Filtering, Internet & Social Media Censorship
1
Censorship Circumvention Tools & Strategies
1
State Influence on the Media
1
OSCE Representative of Freedom of the Media
1
Government / State Advertising: Allocation Policies & Regulation
1
Alternative Communication & Media
1
Conflicts: Victims' Perspectives
1
Terrorism
1
Gaza War (2023-)
1
Humanitarian Interventions
1
Iraq-Kuwait Gulf War (1990-1991)
1
War Crimes
1
Conflict-Sensitive / Peace Communication
1
Dealing With the Past
1
Human Rights Protection & Violations: Media Representation & Reporting
1
Information Warfare, Psychological Warfare
1
Media Assistance in Conflict Regions & Fragile Countries
1
Violence in the Media
1
Discourse & Discourse Analysis
1
Theatre
1
Financing Nonprofit Organizations
1
International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC)
1
Sustainable Development Goals (SDG)
1
Algorithms & Big Data
1
Data Journalism, Computer-Assisted Investigative Reporting
1
Digital Media Startups
1
Digital Platform & Intermediaries Regulation
1
Digital & Information Literacy
1
Digital Political Communication
1
Online Magazines & Newspapers
1
Social Media
1
Content Moderation & Regulation: Social Media
1
Democratization & Digital Media / Social Media
1
Facebook
1
Twitter & Microblogs
1
Trolling (Social Media)
1
AI in Journalism & Media
1
Generative AI, including ChatGPT et al.
1
Digitalisation, Online Communication & Democracy / Democratization
1
Diaspora Media
1
Prisoners & Communication / Media
1
Racism
1
Religious Minorities & Media
1
Romani People
1
Disaster & Humanitarian Crisis Communication
1
Earthquakes, Floods, Tsunamis, Natural Disasters
1
Disinformation & Misinformation Law & Regulation
1
Election Campaigns: Disinformation & Misinformation
1
Foreign Disinformation, Foreign Information Manipulation Operations, Foreign Propaganda
1
Gendered Disinformation
1
Health Disinformation & Misinformation
1
Identifying & Researching Disinformation
1
Media Literacy: Disinformation, Fake News, Hate Speech
1
Media Commercialisation
1
Media Concentration
1
Media Ownership
1
Political Economy of Media
1
Public Goods, Commons
1
Infotainment, Politainment
1
Sports, Sports & Media, Sports Reporting
1
Environmental Journalism
1
Environmental & Land Conflicts Reporting & Media Representation
1
Defamation, Libel, Slander
1
Defamation: Effects on Victims
1
Bias in News Media
1
Self-Regulation of Media
1
Evaluation Criteria, Evaluation Indicators
1
Self-Assessment, Self-Evaluation
1
Gender and Media, Gender and Communication
1
Female Opinion Leaders, Politicians, Decision Makers
1
Gender-Based Harassment, Intimidation & Violence: Media Representation & Reporting
1
Gender Representation & Stereotypes in the Media
1
Media Assistance: Gender Focus
1
Health Journalism
1
Mental Health (General)
1
History of Journalism
1
History of the Press
1
Foreign Countries: Reporting & Media Representation
1
Foreign News, International News
1
International Media Associations / Organizations
1
Transnational Media Corporations, International Media Companies
1
OSCE
1
International Federation of Journalists (IFJ)
1
Collaborative Journalism, Journalism Cooperation
1
Constructive Journalism, Solution-Oriented Journalism
1
Journalism Studies: Research Projects
1
Vox Pop Interviews
1
Journalistic Skills
1
Journalistic Style & Language
1
Journalists: Trust in Public Institutions
1
Labour Market for Journalists
1
News Agencies
1
Newsroom Management
1
Business & Economics Journalism
1
Court Reporting & Media Representation of Judicial System
1
Death & Grief: Reporting & Media Representation
1
Service Journalism, Consumer Information, Lifestyle Journalism
1
Metaphors
1
Translations & Translating
1
Local Television
1
Media Assistance: Elections
1
Media Assistance: Financial Sustainability & Management
1
Media Assistance: Implementing Organizations
1
International Media Support (IMS) (Media Development NGO, Denmark)
1
Media Assistance: Journalists' Associations, Media Associations
1
Media Assistance: Law & Regulation, Media Policy Consultancies
1
Media Assistance: Media & Information Literacy
1
Media Development Indicators
1
Media & Information Literacy
1
Transition Countries: Media Systems & Media Landscapes
1
Criminal Law & Criminal Prosecution
1
Internet Governance, Internet Policies
1
Law, Legislation, Judiciary (General)
1
Transitional Justice
1
Contracts, Labour Agreements, Service Contracts
1
Forced Migration, Forced Displacement
1
Cadwalladr, Carole (British Investigative Journalist)
1
Khashoggi, Jamal (1958-2018)
1
Ressa, Maria
1
Photographers
1
Hindu Nationalism
1
Political Extremism
1
Fragile / Post-Conflict States
1
Security
1
Personal Safety
1
Parliaments
1
Politics and Media
1
Election Campaigns: Social Media
1
Independent & Oppositional Media
1
Influence of Media on Politics
1
Political Transition and Media
1
Public Spheres
1
Emotions in Communication & Media
1
Media Psychology, Communication Psychology
1
Persuasive Communication
1
Memory, Memorizing
1
Mental Stress
1
Opinion, Opinion Formation, Opinion Change
1
Fundamentalisms (Religious)
1
Communication & Media Indicators
1
Communication & Media Research Associations & Networks
1
Digital Sources
1
Political Indicators
1
Interviewing (Journalistic Genre)
1
Assassination
1
Human Security
1
Sexual Violence & Abuse, Rape
1
COVID-19 Pandemic: Economic, Political and Social Effects
1
Rohingya
1
Blockchain Technologies
1
Open Source Software
1
Telecommunication Law, Regulation & Policies
1
Al-Jazeera
1
Theories of Communication & Media
1
AI & Disinformation
1
Language
Document type
Countries / Regions
Authors & Publishers
Media focus
Publication Years
Methods applied
Journals
Output Type
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 WorldCat  (24)
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Press Self-Censorship and Political Transition in Hong Kong

Chin-Chuan Lee
International Journal of Press/Politics, volume 3, issue 2 (1998), pp. 55-73
"Hong Kong's handover has induced self-censorship among the press in order to curry favor with and avoid coercive pressure from China. Based on a comprehensive survey, this article shows that many journalists perceive their colleagues as being afraid to criticize China but think of themselves as bei ... more
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 WorldCat  (25)
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Protection of Journalists Under International Humanitarian Law

Amit Mukherjee
Communications and the Law, volume 17 (1995), pp. 27-39
"Journalists' on professional assignments often face hostile actions by political and military authorities, de jure or de facto. Such hostility ranges in severity from censorship, utilization of harsh laws of defamation, restriction or denial of access to sources of information, denial or revocation ... more
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Violence against the Press: Policing the Public Sphere in US History

John Nerone
Oxford University Press (1994), 306 pp.
"In identifying the chief types of U.S. anti-press violence, the author discusses four basic patterns: violence among individuals, violence against ideas, violence against groups, and violence against an institution. Each pattern has its own chronology. Five models of the press in U.S. history are d ... more