Safety of Journalists CFOM Sheffield

The Centre for Freedom of the Media (CFOM) at the University of Sheffield (UK) is an interdisciplinary research centre with global outreach on issues of media freedom, journalism safety, editorial standards and impunity. During the 2022 Academic Consultation on the UN Plan of Action on the Safety of Journalists and the Issue of Impunity, CFOM conducted a literature stocktake to scope out academic literature published in the area of media freedom, journalism safety and impunity. CFOM collated this information and produced a literature database organised by themes or countries for accessibility. The collection is especially strong on country- and region-specific safety issues and on surveys of emotional wellbeing of journalists. This special collection is curated by gemma.horton@sheffield.ac.uk.

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Safety of Journalists Covering Protests: Preserving Freedom of the Press During Times of Turmoil

Frank Smyth

Paris: UNESCO (2020), 16 pp.

"Key trends: Harassment, arrests and physical violence against journalists, mostly by government security forces and sometimes by protestors, have risen in recent years; Press freedom and freedom of expression has been impacted in many countries by these attacks; A range of attacks have been identif ... more

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Prospect for Change in the Gambia: Collaborative Support to Combat Impunity. Exploring Criminal Justice and Human Rights Mechanisms

International Media Support (IMS) (2020), 41 pp.

"This International Media Support report explores criminal justice and human rights mechanisms to protect journalists, media workers and human rights advocates in an effort to combat impunity in The Gambia. It is the culmination of an innovative approach to hold perpetrators of attacks, killings and ... more

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Leitfaden für bedrohte Journalist:innen in Deutschland: Zum Umgang mit Bedrohungslagen

Berlin: Neue deutsche Medienmacher (NdM); No Hate Speech Movement Deutschland (2020), 22 pp.

"Im digitalen Zeitalter sind Drohungen schnell verfasst und verschickt. Hass im Netz ist ein großes Problem und kann sich schnell zu einer ernsten Lage für Journalist:innen und Publizist: innen, die in der Öffentlichkeit stehen, entwickeln. Genau deswegen ist es aber wichtig, ernstgemeinte von le ... more

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Escudo de plumas: 20 años del Programa de Protección a Periodistas en Colombia

Bogotá: Federación Colombiana de Periodistas (FECOLPER) (2020), 25 pp.

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Safety of Journalists and the Fighting of Corruption in the EU

Tarlach McGonagle, Ronan Ó Fathaigh, Gionata Bouché, Melinda Rucz et al.

Brussels: European Parliament, Committee on Civil Liberties, Justice and Home Affairs (2020), 112 pp.

"Journalism and journalists face a growing range of threats, including violence and harassment; the misuse of defamation and other laws against them, and restrictive measures on freedom of information and expression adopted in response to the Covid-19 crisis. States must ensure a safe and favourable ... more

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New Digital Media: Freedom of Expression and Safeguarding Journalists in the Context of East Africa

Tonny Raymond Kirabira

Cross Cultural Human Rights Review, volume 2, issue 1 (2020), pp. 49-71

"Many East African states have developed restrictive legal and policy measures regarding the use of the internet. This has resulted in the declining state of media freedom and safety of journalists. This article addresses freedom of expression as a pre-condition for safeguarding journalists in selec ... more

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Lése-majesté and journalism in Turkey and Europe

Aytekin Kaan Kurtul

In: Journalist Safety and Self-Censorship

Ingrid Fadnes, Anna Grøndahl Larsen, Roy Krøvel (eds.)

London; New York: Routledge (2020), pp. 65-79

"This chapter deals with lèse-majesté laws and their impact on the exercise of freedom of political expression and journalism from the perspective of international human rights law. In doing so, it addresses the chilling effects of the application of a particular crime of lèse-majesté, namely � ... more

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In her own words: Melanesian women in media

Faith Valencia-Forrester, Bridget Backhaus, Heather Stewart

Pacific Journalism Review, volume 26, issue 1 (2020), pp. 63-74

"Representation of women in media has been a noted gender equity issue globally for decades. Given the increasing encroachments into press freedom in Melanesia, female journalists and media workers face serious challenges. With this in mind, the Melanesia Media Freedom Forum (MMFF) hosted a special ... more

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Reporting in Conflict Zones in Pakistan: Risks and Challenges for Fixers

Kiyya Baloch, Kenneth Andresen

Media and Communication, volume 8, issue 1 (2020), pp. 37-46

"As a backbone of reporting in war and conflicts, fixers offer essential assistance to the foreign correspondent in conflict zones, also in Pakistan. With valuable local knowledge and contacts, fixers can arrange travel to secure entry of foreign correspondents into conflict zones in addition to sec ... more

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A Study to Explore the Safety and Professional Challenges Faced by the Field Journalists in Pakistan

Ayesha Siddiqua, Faiza Latif, Imran Muslim

Research Journal of Social Sciences and Economics Review, volume 1, issue 3 (2020), pp. 20-26

"Field journalists in Pakistan who have covered violent conflicts especially in the wake of Karachi, Baluchistan, and former FATA conflicts have repeatedly staked their physical, emotional, and financial security while fulfilling their journalistic responsibilities. The study at hand is majorly aime ... more

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Professionalism, Safety Measures, and Threats: An Exploratory Approach

Syed Muhammad Bilal Shah, Farish Ullah Khan Yousafzai

Paradigms, volume 14, issue 1 (2020), pp. 117-124

"All citizens have equal rights to lead their life in any country in the world. The primary responsibility of the government is to protect the rights of all human beings on equal basis residing in a country. This study is an endeavor to highlight the intensity and reasons behind the threats received ... more

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Red lines of journalism. Digital surveillance, safety risks and journalists’ self-censorship in Pakistan

Sadia Jamil

In: Journalist Safety and Self-Censorship

Ingrid Fadnes, Anna Grøndahl Larsen, Roy Krøvel (eds.)

London; New York: Routledge (2020), pp. 29-46

"Drawing on Reese’s hierarchy of influences model, this study investigates the extent to which safety risks and digital surveillance result in journalists’ self-censorship in Pakistan. This study also explores the key areas of journalists’ self-censorship in the country and how it affects thei ... more

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Rationalizing the Gap: How Journalists in a Nondemocratic Regime Make Sense of Their Professional Work

Tatsiana Karaliova

International Journal of Communication, volume 14 (2020), pp. 4781-4802

"This article investigates how news professionals in a nondemocratic regime rationalize their institutional roles and daily reporting practices, negotiate boundaries of their work, and make sense of their professional activities. This study used qualitative interviewing to explore personal experienc ... more

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A way to silence journalists? Estonian female journalists’ experiences with harassment and self-censorship

Signe Ivask

In: Journalist Safety and Self-Censorship

Ingrid Fadnes, Anna Grøndahl Larsen, Roy Krøvel (eds.)

London; New York: Routledge (2020), pp. 114-129

"The aim of the study is to investigate Estonian female journalists’ experiences with harassment resulting in self-censorship. We carried out three studies: one in 2015, a second in 2016 and a third one in 2018. The data were gathered by in-depth interviews (2015 and 2018), journalists’ diaries ... more

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Constructing Silence: Processes of Journalistic (Self-)Censorship during Memoranda in Greece, Cyprus, and Spain

Sofia Iordanidou, Emmanouil Takas, Leonidas Vatikiotis, Pedro García

Media and Communication, volume 8, issue 1 (2020), pp. 15-26

"What are to be considered as threats against journalism? Whereas the literature on safety of journalists mainly discusses threats as part of armed conflicts, this article studies how other kinds of conflicts such as economic strangulation and the viability threat represent threats against journalis ... more

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Freedom of Expression in Times of Covid-19: Chilling Effect in Hungary and Serbia

Kristina Cendic, Gergely Gosztonyi

Journal of Liberty and International Affairs, volume 6, issue 2 (2020), pp. 14-29

"New technologies have opened several risks to safety of journalists. More importantly, in the state of emergency caused by the Covid-19 outbreak, journalists and media actors have shifted their activities online more than ever, which also made them more prone to digital threats and attacks. In some ... more

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From repression to oppression: News journalism in Turkey 2013–2018

Stefanie Pukallus, Lisa Bradley, Sarah Clarke, Jackie Harrison

Media, Culture & Society, volume 42, issue 7-8 (2020), pp. 1443-1460

"The political context for practicing free and independent journalism has always been challenging in Turkey and ever more so after the failed coup d’état of 2016. This article examines and analyzes the changes brought about by this failed coup d’état in terms of their civil, legal, and politic ... more

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Professional Autonomy and Structural Influences: Exploring How Homicides, Perceived Insecurity, Aggressions Against Journalists, and Inequalities Affect Perceived Journalistic Autonomy in Colombia

Miguel Garces Prettel, Jesús Arroyave Cabrera, Adolfo Baltar Moreno

International Journal of Communication, volume 14 (2020), pp. 3054-3075

"Journalistic autonomy has been studied more frequently in countries with secure democracies in terms of journalists’ perceptions of freedom and independence to work in the midst of the controls, pressures, and influences perceived in the newsrooms. Based on objective variables and on a national s ... more

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Journalism and self-censorship in the insecure democracies of Central America

José Luis Benítez

In: Journalist Safety and Self-Censorship

Ingrid Fadnes, Anna Grøndahl Larsen, Roy Krøvel (eds.)

London; New York: Routledge (2020), pp. 13-28

"This chapter focuses on the context of violence and political polarization in three Central American countries: Guatemala, Honduras and El Salvador, and analyses how these conditions negatively affect press freedom and the practice of journalism. The author argues that the notion of “insecure dem ... more

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Journalistic Coverage of Organized Crime in Mexico: Reporting on the Facts, Security Protocols, and Recurrent Subthemes

Elba Díaz-Cerveró, Daniel Barredo Ibáñez

International Journal of Communication, volume 14 (2020), pp. 2500-2518

"Mexico is among the most violent countries for journalism, with more than 100 journalists killed in the past two decades. Behind these murders, which have largely gone unpunished, are phenomena such as organized crime and corruption, as well as a lack of state presence in some regions. In this stud ... more