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Evaluating the Effectiveness of Public Communication Campaigns and their Implications for Strategic Competition with Russia

Caitlin McCulloch, Stephen Watts

RAND Corporation (2021), 19 pp.

"The most effective campaigns are face-to-face, repeated campaigns. Such campaigns generally have a larger average impact on persuasion, knowledge, and behavior than remote campaigns (such as ones conducted through television or the internet). Negative and positive messages appear to be almost equal ... more

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Social Media for Behaviour Change Toolkit (SM4BC) for Disaster Preparedness and Disaster Risk Reduction in Latin America and the Caribbean
Key Guides

Nedra Kline Weinreich

Geneva: International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (IFRC) (2021), 170 pp.

"This toolkit will help you to learn and apply the most important concepts of behaviour change to use in your social media planning, content development and outreach. In fact, the ideas you’ll gather here can help you with all aspects of your program’s communications and project design. The acti ... more

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SMART Advocacy: Achieving Policy and Funding Change. User's Guide

Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Advance Family Planning (2021), 91 pp.

"SMART Advocacy has enabled many individuals and groups, from grassroots organizations to global fora, create effective advocacy that fuels progress. It is based on years of experience in developing and carrying out successful advocacy strategies. It is both practical and transformational. The SMART ... more

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Change the World Using Social Media

Paul Signorelli

Lanham, Maryland et al.: Rowman & Littlefield (2021), xxi, 209 pp.

"In this story-driven handbook to using social media to foster collaboration and positive change, people using social media describe how those tools work and how they have used social media to produce positive transformations within their extended communities. Starting with an overview of what socia ... more

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Creating Change Through Digital Communities: How RNW Media's Digital Platforms Impact Young People's Knowledge, Attitudes and Behaviour

Hilversum: RNW Media (2020), 34 pp.

"The Theories of Change for both Citizens’ Voice [a programme focusing on social cohesion and inclusive governance] and the SRHR programme (which includes Love Matters [delivering information and media on love, sex and relationships to 18-30-year-olds]) contain a key assumption that through provid ... more

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Migration and Communication: Information and Awareness-Raising Campaigns in Countries of Origin and Transit. Austrian National EMN Conference 2019 Briefing Paper

Vienna: European Migration Network, National Contact Point Austria (2020), 6 pp.

"Information and awareness-raising campaigns for (potential) migrants in third countries constitute a central element of current migration strategies, both at the European and national level. However, little is known about the impact of these campaigns and how they influence migratory behaviour. Inf ... ormation and behaviour change: In light of these limitations, we can learn from findings of rigorous evaluations in other fields, such as behavioural economics, and apply those to how information and awareness-raising can influence behaviour. Therefore, information and awareness-raising campaigns must be built on a contextual understanding of how people form beliefs and expectations and how these are transformed into decisions. Randomized evaluations: Researchers, donors, EU Institutions and Member States are increasingly aware of the importance of creating rigorous evidence and using this evidence to inform policy decisions. To isolate the impact of information and awareness-raising campaigns on migratory behaviour, randomized evaluations are being implemented by some selected researchers and institutions. Lessons learned: Evaluations presented during the conference indicate that peer-to-peer information campaigns have the potential to raise awareness about the risks and opportunities associated with migration. Another example shows that information on the chances of obtaining a legal status in Europe impacts the inclination to migrate. Rigorous evaluations also shed light on how information campaigns compare against other policy interventions, such as providing economic opportunities at the local level. Most evaluations find that migrants and potential migrants respond to reliable and trustworthy information. Social networks: Beside rigorours evidence, which is still rare, qualitative evaluations suggest that campaigns should be built on trust: this can be achieved by using personal or peer-to-peer communication channels, a positive narrative, and messages of legal alternatives rather than deterrence. Finally, in order to create contextappropriate messages and to identify the right target group, diaspora communities and local experts are important stakeholders in the design and implementation of campaigns." (Main take-aways, page 2) more

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Harnessing the Power of Social Media: Digital Disruption of Human Trafficking in Lithuanian Communities;Socialines žiniasklaidos Svarba: Kova Su Prekyba žmonemis Skaitmenineje Erdveje Lietuviu Bendruomenese

London: Stop the Traffik; Humankind Research (2020), 24 pp.

"During 2019, together with key Lithuanian partners KOPŽI and Missing Persons Families Support Centre, we developed and implemented a prevention campaign to raise awareness of the labour exploitation of Lithuanian people in the UK or those considering travelling to the UK to find work. The campaign ... more

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Construire une stratégie de plaidoyer: De l'analyse au suivi-évaluation. Boîte à outils à destination des organisations de la société civile

Anaïs Saint-Gal, Marine Gauthier

Paris: Sidaction (2020), 75 pp.

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How to Perform Impact Assessments: Key Steps for Assessing Communication Interventions

James Dennison

International Centre for Migration Policy Development (ICMPD); EUROMED Migration (2020), 29 pp.

"This report brings together disparate terminology, findings and recommendations from the private and public sectors and academia to synthesise a set of five general steps for practitioners when performing impact assessments. Impact assessment (IA) compares a variable of interest after an interventi ... on (e.g. a communication campaign) to what it would it be if that intervention had never happened. Accompanying each of the five steps are examples of how migration communicators can assess the impact of campaigns to, first, change attitudes and, second, change behaviour. Step 1: Set objectives for the intervention that define what the desired effect is. Ideally, this should (1) meet the SMART criteria of specific, measurable, attainable, relevant and timebound; (2) focus on ultimate outcomes, rather than only outputs; (3) avoid a number of common mistakes in setting objectives and (4) carefully consider what the—as specific as possible— target audience is. Step 2: Identify a measure of the impact(s) that the intervention has as its objective. These should be (1) clearly defined and unambiguous; (2) externally valid (they act reliably if used for other interventions) and (3) internally valid (they measure what they claim to measure). There already exist long-lists of measures (also known as indicators) to choose from. Step 3: Estimate what would have happened had there been no intervention, known as a ‘counterfactual’. Ideally, but not necessarily, this requires performing a pre-intervention measurement, also known as baseline assessment. However, this is not always possible. This should not dissuade practitioners but instead assumptions of any IA, as discussed below, should be made openly. A long list of methods for measurement, including sampling considerations, are provided. Step 4: Perform the intervention. This may involve separating a randomised sample into a treatment group(s)—that receives the intervention(s)—and a control group—that does not. If this is not feasible, other forms of counterfactual are possible that ‘construct’ a control group. This section also overviews: (1) types of communication campaigns; (2) the MINDSPACE checklist of behavioural influences for interventions; (3) key recommendations on persuasive interventions from ICMPD’s previous work; (4) recommendations on campaigns deterring irregular migration. Step 5: Post-intervention measurement and analysis: (1) those receiving the intervention should be measured post-intervention (ideally, as well as, either a genuine or constructed control group); (2) the impact must be calculated: usually the difference in the variable of interest pre- and post-intervention and/or between the treatment and control group; (3) theoretical consideration of why and what aspect of the campaign caused an impact; are the findings likely to be universalizable?; (4) creation (and, in some cases, incorporation) of recommendations based on combination of impact and theoretical considerations." (Executive summary) more

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Influencing for Impact Guide: How to Deliver Effective Influencing Strategies
Key Guides

Richard English et al.

Oxford: Oxfam (2020), 80 pp.

"This guide is designed to support civil society organisations, Oxfam teams and partners to develop and deliver ‘influencing strategies’ for social justice that tackle the structural causes of poverty, inequality and environmental crisis - influencing strategies that will shift unequal and unjus ... more

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IOM Public Communication Campaign Toolkit
Key Guides

Geneva: International Organization for Migration (IOM) (2020), 86 pp.

"IOM seeks to provide practical guidance on designing, delivering and evaluating effective communication campaigns relating to migration. The guidance covers different approaches, themes, programme areas and methods to improve relevance, audience participation and results. The aim is to identify and ... more

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Countering Cyberhate Against Roma: A Toolkit for Civil Society Organizations and Activists

Marco Cadena, Zsófia Farkas, Nicole Garbin

Budapest: Minority Rights Group Europe (2020), 51 pp.

"In Chapter 1, the international and European legal frameworks are outlined with a focus on the existing definitions of hate speech and current freedom of expression safeguards, the challenges posed by online hate speech, the role of IT companies in addressing these issues, and possible ways to resp ... more

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M&E Tools for Advocacy Work

Nigel Simister, Jenny Ross

INTRAC (2020), 7 pp.

"Many different tools and methodologies can be used to support advocacy work. Some are designed specifically for monitoring and evaluation (M&E) purposes. Others are designed to support the planning and management of advocacy interventions, but can be used or adapted for M&E purposes. CSOs often emp ... more

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M&E Systems for Advocacy Work

Nigel Simister, Jenny Ross

INTRAC (2020), 6 pp.

"Monitoring and evaluation (M&E) systems for advocacy interventions usually include a number of common elements. The nature of advocacy work means M&E systems need to be designed and implemented differently than in conventional projects. M&E systems for advocacy work should be simple and time-effici ... more

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Monitoring Advocacy Activities

Nigel Simister, Jenny Ross

INTRAC (2020), 5 pp.

"Most advocacy work is carried out in complex environments where there are many different influences on change. This has important consequences for how objectives and indicators are developed. CSOs need to understand the immediate and short-term changes resulting from different advocacy activities i ... more

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Keeping Girls in the Picture: Community Radio Toolkit
Key Guides

Paris: UNESCO (2020), 41 pp.

"We hope this toolkit will support you in creating exciting and memorable content for community radio programmes wherever you are. This toolkit contains the messages and facts from the global campaign. It has not been tailored for any specific region, country or area. We count on you to consider how ... more

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Video for Change Impact Toolkit
Key Guides

EngageMedia; Video4Change Network (2020)

"This toolkit shows you step-by-step how to create impact projects using video. It is designed for documentary video-makers, journalists and organisations using video to engage and create change in their communities. EngageMedia has produced this toolkit in partnership with the Video4Change Network: ... more

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Voices of Pakistani Youth: Lessons for Civil Society in the Development of Effective Counter-Narrative Campaigns

Jasmeet Sahotay

London: Institute for Strategic Dialogue (ISD) (2020), 33 pp.

"This report ties together young Pakistani people’s experiences of hate and extremism – with contextual research and questions put to young people in Pakistan, centred around their views on identity, media consumption patterns and perceptions of the state and national news media. This research h ... more

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Assessing the Effectiveness of Online Facebook Campaigns Targeting Potential Irregular Migrants: A Pilot Study in Three West African Countries

Esther Haarman, Jasper Tjaden, Gustavo López

Geneva: International Organization for Migration (IOM) (2020), 41 pp.

"Studies have shown that many irregular migrants embark on journeys without accurate or complete information about migration. In response, IOM and other organizations run information campaigns intended to inform potential migrants of the dangers associated with irregular migration and to facilitate ... informed decisions. The use of online and social media platforms for these campaigns has become increasingly popular in recent years, due to their potential for quickly reaching millions of people at low cost. While the evidence base for offline information campaigns has been gradually improving, it remains unclear how online communication campaigns affect potential migrants, and methodologies to do this remain underdeveloped. This report therefore presents results from a pilot impact assessment of an online campaign based on Facebook posts in Guinea, Nigeria and Senegal during September 2019 and February 2020 [.] Conclusion: Facebook ad campaigns can reach many people quickly. However, large audience sizes and relatively cheap costs come with a trade-off. The impact of an information campaign on potential migrants’ perceptions, attitudes, knowledge and behaviour remains largely unknown because many Facebook users that engage with the campaign do not fit the intended target group. The advantage of offline over online campaigns is that implementers have more control and information about who attends activities or who is exposed to campaign content. The engagement of users with campaign posts varies largely by audience and post characteristics. Campaign and social media teams are well advised to conduct pilot tests before scaling up activities. Pilot tests can inform a customized approach for each online activity on Facebook, and thereby maximize impact. In addition to A/B tests, lift tests may offer a useful opportunity to test the impact of Facebook posts. Compared to impact assessments of offline information campaigns, measuring the impact of Facebook ads on potential migrants presents several unique challenges, including: Many potential migrants are not on Facebook or do not use ad content to seek information about migration. Internet connectivity is also limited in many West African countries. While Facebook allows users to narrow down target groups, it is not clear whether those Facebook users that are exposed to the content fit the profile of potential migrants. Whether the intended target group is reached can be affirmed only through surveys, which have a low response rate; It is not possible to interview the same Facebook users several times to track changes in their perceptions. Engagement metrics like post reactions, link clicks or video plays can be useful indicators. However, these low-engagement metrics do not offer clear evidence of the short- or long-term effects on Facebook users." (Executive summary) more

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Advocacy Capacity Toolbox for Resilience

Partners for Resilience (2020), 28 pp.

Social Media for Behaviour Change Toolkit (SM4BC) for Disaster Preparedness and Disaster Risk Reduction in Latin America and the Caribbean Key Guides

Influencing for Impact Guide: How to Deliver Effective Influencing Strategies Key Guides

IOM Public Communication Campaign Toolkit Key Guides

Keeping Girls in the Picture: Community Radio Toolkit Key Guides

Video for Change Impact Toolkit Key Guides

Social Media for Behaviour Change Toolkit (SM4BC) for Disaster Preparedness and Disaster Risk Reduction in Latin America and the Caribbean
Key Guides

Influencing for Impact Guide: How to Deliver Effective Influencing Strategies
Key Guides

IOM Public Communication Campaign Toolkit
Key Guides

Keeping Girls in the Picture: Community Radio Toolkit
Key Guides

Video for Change Impact Toolkit
Key Guides