Safety of Journalists CFOM Sheffield

The Centre for Freedom of the Media (CFOM) at the University of Sheffield (UK) is an interdisciplinary research centre with global outreach on issues of media freedom, journalism safety, editorial standards and impunity. During the 2022 Academic Consultation on the UN Plan of Action on the Safety of Journalists and the Issue of Impunity, CFOM conducted a literature stocktake to scope out academic literature published in the area of media freedom, journalism safety and impunity. CFOM collated this information and produced a literature database organised by themes or countries for accessibility. The collection is especially strong on country- and region-specific safety issues and on surveys of emotional wellbeing of journalists. This special collection is curated by gemma.horton@sheffield.ac.uk.

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Press Freedom in the Time of COVID-19: The Philippine Experience Under the Duterte Administration

Candace Noreen Bagalawis, Rose Marie Villanueva, Jovito Jose Katigbak

Advances in Southeast Asian Studies (ASEAS), volume 17, issue 1 (2024), pp. 63-84

"The media plays an important role in disseminating vital information and being ‘watchdogs’ of government misconduct. Press freedom is constitutionally guaranteed in the Philippines, but the space for journalists and media companies continues to shrink. This is because constant attempts have bee ... more

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Same threats, different platforms? Female journalists’ experiences of online gender-based violence in selected newsrooms in Namibia

Itai Zviyita, Admire Mare

Journalism, volume 25, issue 4 (2024), pp. 779-799

"Concerns about the disproportionate levels of online gender-based abuse experienced by female journalists when compared to their male counterparts have attracted sizeable scholarly attention in the last few years. Extant studies have highlighted that female journalists experience online forms of ha ... more

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The Peril and Promise of AI for Journalism

Nishtha Gupta, Jenina Ibañez, Chris Tenove

Centre for the Study of Democratic Institutions (CSDI) (2024), 13 pp.

"This report draws on insights from the workshop, along with recent academic and journalistic publishing. It highlights three major issues: How generative AI can make disinformation campaigns faster, more targeted, and more persuasive. How newsrooms’ adoption of AI tools can lead to inaccuracies a ... more

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Populism and Critical Incidents in Journalism: Has Bolsonaro Disrupted the Mainstream Press in Brazil?

Francisco Paulo Jamil Marques

International Journal of Press/Politics, volume 29, issue 4 (2024), pp. 825-846

"Despite the increasing number of studies examining the conflicts between the media and populist leaders, understanding how such clashes prompt shifts in journalism norms and practices remains to be thoroughly explored. Based on a literature review and the discussion of an extensive array of example ... more

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RSF and 547 Community radios call for the protection and support of community radio stations in the Sahel

Paris: Reporters Sans Frontières (2024), 34 pp.

"We, the signatories of the appeal for the protection and support of community radio stations in the Sahel [...] call on the political authorities of the Sahel countries to combat impunity for crimes committed against community radio journalists by systematically opening investigations to ensure tha ... more

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Cross-national civilian reporting of the everydayness of war: Emerging citizen journalism practices in Palestine and Kashmir

Tawseef Majeed, Abushbak Ali M, Monisa Qadri, Atul Sinha

Journalism, volume 26, issue 5 (2024), pp. 1122-1142

"This article explores how Palestinian and Kashmiri civilians engage with the everyday reality of war. The focus is on understanding how citizens temporarily adopt the roles of war correspondents, contributing to the broader conflict narrative. Employing an inductive approach, the study integrates e ... more

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Sexual Harassment in the Nigerian Media Environment

Juliana Taiwo-Obalonye

In: Sexual Harassment and the Law in Africa

Furaha-Joy Sekai Saungweme, Carol Chi Ngang, Graham Towl (eds.)

London; New York: Routledge (2024), 19 pp.

"The media industry of Nigeria has been significantly impacted by sexual harassment and it has had a very negative effect on women media workers. One major issue which I will articulate in my chapter is the absence of an overarching media policy framework addressing sexual harassment with clear pena ... more

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Reporting the MENA as Conflict: Political Influences, Routine Practices, and Journalists' Struggles in the Field

Claudia Kozman

In: The Routledge Companion to Journalism in the Global South

Bruce Mutsvairo, Saba Bebawi, Eddy Borges-Rey (eds.)

London; New York: Routledge (2023), pp. 260-268

"Working in a conflict-ridden region, journalists in the Middle East have always struggled to report fairly and accurately while keeping in mind the power structures in their countries. For these journalists, practicing journalism in mostly authoritative governments has meant facing additional hurdl ... more

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Women Journalists in Mexico: They Will Not Silence Our Voices

Yennué Zárate Valderrama

In: The Routledge Companion to Journalism in the Global South

Bruce Mutsvairo, Saba Bebawi, Eddy Borges-Rey (eds.)

London; New York: Routledge (2023), pp. 378-387

"What are the challenges that Mexican women journalists face in a hostile environment for the press? Mexico is one of the deadliest countries in which to practice journalism. More than 160 reporters have been assassinated since 2000. Within this context, female journalists face a four-layered challe ... more

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Constraints on Journalistic Practices in the Arab World Post–Arab Spring and Post-Covid-19

Sahar Khamis, Khalid Al-Jaber

In: The Routledge Companion to Journalism in the Global South

Bruce Mutsvairo, Saba Bebawi, Eddy Borges-Rey (eds.)

London; New York: Routledge (2023), pp. 179-186

"Over a decade ago, the 2011 Arab Spring uprisings erupted in six Arab countries. They were accompanied, initially, by high hopes for democratic transformation and reform (Lynch, 2012). These hopes and aspirations also included widening the margin of freedom of expression in general and press freedo ... more

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Journalism in Cameroon: A High-Risk and Dangerous Profession?

Peter Tiako Ngangum

In: The Routledge Companion to Journalism in the Global South

Bruce Mutsvairo, Saba Bebawi, Eddy Borges-Rey (eds.)

London; New York: Routledge (2023), pp. 461-476

"These are challenging times for practicing journalism safely in Cameroon. Death in pretrial detention is one extreme form of silencing journalists, although arbitrary arrests, intimidation, harassment, and trumped-up charges are also used, not only during turbulence and armed conflicts, but also in ... more

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Reporting Conflict from Afar: Journalists, Social Media, Communication Technologies, and War

Britt Christensen, Ali Khalil

Journalism Practice, volume 17, issue 2 (2023), pp. 300-318

"We conducted interviews with conflict journalists who covered the conflicts in Syria, Yemen, Libya, and Iraq and who work for the major international news agencies and media companies. These journalists did most of their reporting from remote locations as the conflict zones were too dangerous to be ... more

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Twitter trolling of Pakistani female journalists: A patriarchal society glance

Ayesha Siddiqua, Jiankun Gong, Iffat Ali Aksar

Media, Culture & Society, volume 45, issue 6 (2023), pp. 1303-1314

"The incorporation of new media technology into journalistic practices led to online harassment, particularly of female journalists. The researchers investigated the tweets of four prominent Pakistani female journalists through the lens of post-colonial feminism and symbolic violence. The qualitativ ... more

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Has Journalism Forgotten the Journalists?

John Crowley

In: Happiness in Journalism

Valérie Bélair-Gagnon, Avery E. Holton, Mark Deuze, Claudia Mellado (eds.)

London; New York: Routledge (2023), pp. 187-189

"This essay argues that more qualitative research is needed to assess why journalists are reporting burnout, taking time off work, and in some cases leaving the profession." (Abstract)

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How International Human Rights Standards and Mechanisms Help Protect Journalists

Geneva: United Nations, Office of the High Commission on Human Rights (OHCHR) (2023), 8 pp.

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Whose Media Freedom is Being Defended? Norm Contestation in International Media Freedom Campaigns

Martin Scott, Mel Bunce, Mary Myers, Maria Carmen Fernandez

Journal of Communication, volume 73, issue 2 (2023), pp. 87-100

"This article analyses how international advocacy campaigns approach and define media freedom, and what influences this process. It does this through a two-year case study of the Media Freedom Coalition—an intergovernmental partnership of over 50 countries—that included 55 interviews with key st ... more

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Hostility Toward the Press: A Synthesis of Terms, Research, and Future Directions in Examining Harassment of Journalists

Kaitlin C. Miller

Digital Journalism, volume 11, issue 7 (2023), pp. 1230-1249

"While there is an upsurge of research examining hostility toward the press from those external to the newsroom, there continues to be a lack of critical and robust theoretical foundation and agenda for such inquiry in countries considered to have a democratically free press. Therefore, the objectiv ... more

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From Precariously Managing Risks to Building Social Resilience: The Safety of Women Journalists in Brazil

Alice Baroni, Simone Marinho

Journalism Studies, volume 24, issue 7 (2023), pp. 936-955

"Attacks on journalists and the media in Brazil have a long history but have become even more problematic through the use of social media, particularly following the election of Jair Bolsonaro as president in 2019. In times of industry restructuring and coronavirus pandemic, the systematic attacks o ... more

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Global Media Defence Fund

Paris: UNESCO (2023), 11 pp.

"The Global Media Defence Fund (“the Fund”) is a UNESCO Multi-Partner Trust Fund/Programme developed with the goal of enhancing media protection and improving the access of journalists to specialized and gender-sensitive legal assistance. Administered by UNESCO, the Fund was established thanks t ... more