Safety of Journalists CFOM Sheffield

The Centre for Freedom of the Media (CFOM) at the University of Sheffield (UK) is an interdisciplinary research centre with global outreach on issues of media freedom, journalism safety, editorial standards and impunity. During the 2022 Academic Consultation on the UN Plan of Action on the Safety of Journalists and the Issue of Impunity, CFOM conducted a literature stocktake to scope out academic literature published in the area of media freedom, journalism safety and impunity. CFOM collated this information and produced a literature database organised by themes or countries for accessibility. The collection is especially strong on country- and region-specific safety issues and on surveys of emotional wellbeing of journalists. This special collection is curated by gemma.horton@sheffield.ac.uk.

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Factors Affecting the Status of Women Journalists: A Structural Analysis

Carolyn M. Byerly

In: The Palgrave International Handbook of Women and Journalism

Carolyn M. Byerly (ed.)

Basingstoke, Hampshire; New York: Palgrave Macmillan (2016), pp. 11-23

"Any assessment of women journalists’ status in their newsrooms should begin with the big picture. Women professionals inside news and other media enterprises have been the torchbearers of change for at least three decades. Sometimes assisted by enlightened male allies, women in journalism and oth ... more

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Journalists and Media Staff Killed 1990 -2015: 25 Years of Contribution Towards Safer Journalism

Brussels: International Federation of Journalists (IFJ) (2016), 83 pp.

"The International Federation of Journalists (IFJ) has been publishing annual reports, of which this is the 25th, focusing on killing of journalists and media staff in work-related incidents since 1990. To date, the IFJ has recorded at least 2297 killings of these media professionals in targeted ass ... more

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Supporting Safety of Journalists in Kenya: An Assessment Based on UNESCO’s Journalists’ Safety Indicators

George Nyabuga

Paris: UNESCO (2016), 106 pp.

"The study finds that Kenyan journalists face serious challenges in the course of their work. Further, both State and non-State actors have contributed to a deteriorating climate for journalists. The number of threats, incidents of harassment and intimidation as well as legal and personal attacks, h ... more

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Journalism Under Threat: Intimidation and Harassment of Swedish journalists

Henrik Monica Lögren & Örnebring Nilsson

Journalism Practice, volume 10, issue 7 (2016), pp. 880-890

"Previous studies of intimidation and harassment of journalists have (rightly) focused on non-democratic and authoritarian nations and/or transitional/emerging democracies. In this article, we examine the situation in Sweden, a country with strong de facto and de jure safeguards of journalistic free ... more

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Job demands, coping, and impacts of occupational stress among journalists: A systematic review

Susana Monteiro, Marques Pinto, Alexandra, Magda Sofia Roberto

European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, volume 25, issue 5 (2016), pp. 751-772

"This paper systematically reviews empirical research published from 2002 to July 2015 investigating journalists’ occupational stressors, coping strategies, and the impacts of these variables on the health and well-being of such professionals, whether on their daily work or as special envoys to cr ... more

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Press Freedom, Governance, and Culture of Impunity: The Alarming Case of the Philippines

Danilo Araña Arao

4th International Conference on Magsaysay Awardees: Good Governance and Transformative Leadership in Asia (2016), pp. 225-234

"Ending the culture of impunity requires strengthening the culture of resistance. Impunity results in the dearth or absence of press freedom which, in turn, has deleterious effects on the practice of journalism as the people are deprived of relevant information that could help shape public opinion. ... more

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Professionalism under threat of violence: Journalism, reflexivity, and the potential for collective professional autonomy in northern Mexico

Jeannine E Relly, Celeste González de Bustamante

Journalism Studies, volume 17, issue 6 (2016), pp. 684-702

"Mexico is one of the most dangerous places in the world for journalists, as more than 100 journalists have been murdered between 2000 and 2014, with almost half of those killed in the country's northern states. Through an analysis of in-depth interviews with journalists in northern Mexico, this qua ... more

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Chile: Female Journalists Without Access to Power

Claudia Lagos, Claudia Mellado

In: The Palgrave International Handbook of Women and Journalism

Carolyn M. Byerly (ed.)

Basingstoke, Hampshire; New York: Palgrave Macmillan (2016), pp. 226-237

"In March 2006, socialist politician Michelle Bachelet became not only the first woman to assume the presidency of Chile, but also the first female president in South America. Bachelet appointed a cabinet with an equal number of men and women. Although there were several other changes to her cabinet ... more

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Mexico: Structural Challenges for Women in News Media

Aimée Vega Montiel, Patricia Ramírez Ortega

In: The Palgrave International Handbook of Women and Journalism

Carolyn M. Byerly (eds.)

Basingstoke, Hampshire; New York: Palgrave Macmillan (2016), pp. 284-300

"This chapter will analyze women’s access to and participation in Mexico’s news media. At the intersections of feminism and the political economy of communication, we will put into context the findings for Mexico in the Global Report on the Status of Women in the News Media (Global Report) (Byer ... more

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Kidnapping of Journalists: Reporting from High-Risk Conflict Zones

Robert. G Picard, Hannah Storm

Tauris; Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism (2016), vii, 100 pp.

"The vulnerability of journalists to kidnappings was starkly illustrated by the killing of James Foley and Steven Sotloff by Islamic militants in 2014. Their murder underscored the risks taken by journalists and news organisations trying to cover developments in dangerous regions of the world and ha ... more

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Journalist Security in the Digital World: A Survey. Are We Using the Right Tools?

Javier Garza Ramos

Washington, DC: Center for International Media Assistance (CIMA) (2016), 13 pp.

"This survey was designed to measure how journalists around the world take advantage of technology to enhance their security. The results suggest that there is a general lack of awareness about the power that digital tools have to improve a journalist’s protection. There are scores of organization ... more

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Información entre el terror y el centavo: Derecho humano de libre información en el Valle del Cauca

Reporteros sin Fronteras; Federación Colombiana de Periodistas (Fecolper) (2015), 17 pp.

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Focused Assessment of Media Development in Libya: Safety of Journalists and Professional Capacity Building. A Baseline Report Based on a Selection of UNESCO’s Media Development Indicators (categories 3 and 4)

Clara Tardy, Adrian Carriere

Altai Consulting; UNESCO (2015), 29 pp.

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Prevent and Punish: In Search of Solutions to Fight Violence Against Journalists

Eduardo Bertoni

Paris: UNESCO (2015), 25 pp.

"This paper serves as an overview of the global pattern of crimes committed against media workers, the impunity connected with such acts, and the steps both the international community and individual states have taken to confront the situation. The first chapter introduces the magnitude of the trend ... more

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Making Secondary Trauma a Primary Issue: A Study of Eyewitness Media and Vicarious Trauma on the Digital Frontline

Sam Dubberley, Elizabeth Griffin, Haluk Mert Bal

Istanbul: Eyewitness Media Hub (2015), 69 pp.

"The rapid and incredible growth of eyewitness media (also known as user-generated content or UGC) has led to the emergence of a new cadre of journalists, humanitarian and human rights professionals whose job it is to seek out, verify and edit the most disturbing and traumatic raw images captured by ... non professionals and posted online. These professionals are tasked with viewing and sifting through massive volumes of eyewitness media - that is, raw, unedited, authentic footage now captured regularly on smartphones - to enhance their investigations, reporting, operations, prosecutions and advocacy. Professionals who work with eyewitness media watch disturbing footage from war zones, natural and manmade disasters and accidents over and over again to verify its veracity and to edit out images that are deemed too extreme for viewing by the general public. Viewing traumatic images of death, destruction, blood and unimaginable horrors all day every day - often for years on end - is now an integral part of the daily work of many desk-bound staff working for news, human rights and humanitarian organisations who are often located thousands of miles away from where the actual horrors occur. Whether it is a broadcaster, publisher, human rights or humanitarian professional, symptoms associated with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) are now evident amongst staff working in offices on what we call the digital frontline. This study builds upon previous research that proved that viewing distressing eyewitness media can lead psychological injury, including, but not restricted to, such conditions as PTSD and major depression. The principle aim of this research is to explore the following questions: How much distressing eyewitness media are professionals, who work in the three professional sectors, watching? How frequently, and in what volumes are professionals viewing distressing eyewitness media? What kinds of eyewitness media do professionals find particularly distressing?" What coping mechanisms, if any, have been developed by staff to help mitigate the potentially negative effects of viewing distressing content? - What support, if any, do professionals receive from their organisations and senior managers? - Does organisational culture encourage or prevent professionals from requesting support from their organisation’s hierarchy? What training and preparation is provided to raise awareness of or mitigate the adverse impact of trauma exposure on university graduates, newcomers and those established in post? What resources do organisations provide to prevent, mitigate and treat the adverse impact of trauma exposure? Which of those resources have been used? Which are found to be the most useful? What do staff who experience vicarious trauma need and expect from their organisations in order to support them? Based on an online survey (to which we received 209 responses from people working with eyewitness media across all three professional sectors) and 38 in-depth, anonymous interviews we find that: the impact of eyewitness media on journalism, human rights and humanitarian work means that the frontline is no longer geographic. A new type of frontline has emerged that is digital. Staff at an organisation’s headquarters who work with eyewitness media do so daily and often see more horror on a daily basis compared to their counterparts deployed in the field. Consequently, organisations have a duty of care towards office based staff working on the digital frontline who are at serious risk of vicarious trauma and PTSD [...] " (Executive summary, page 3-5) more

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Evaluación de riesgos de periodistas de Veracruz

Javier Garza Ramos, Jorge Lius Sierra, Celia Guerrero

Centro Internacional para Periodistas (2015), 14 pp.

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La palabra y el silencio: La violencia contra periodistas en Colombia (1977-2015)

Germán Rey et al.

Bogotá: Centro Nacional de Memoria Histórica (2015), 400 pp.

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Safety Net Manual: Guidelines for Journalists in Extraordinary or Emergency Situations

Saša Lekovic, Jorgos Papadakis, Slaðana Matejevic

Vienna: South East Europe Media Organisation (SEEMO) (2015), 78 pp.

"This manual contains definitions, advice and practical examples connected to the regular activities of media workers and media outlets in extraordinary situations, like reporting from conflict areas, during demonstrations and social unrest, about natural and other disasters, and reporting under int ... more

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Medio siglo de agresiones a periodistas: Síntesis estadística de asesinatos y desapariciones en América Latina (1970-2015)

Bernardo Díaz Nosty

Contratexto (Universidad de Lima), issue 24 (2015), pp. 171-201

"Desde 1970, hay constancia en América Latina de más de mil periodistas asesinados o desaparecidos forzados, por razones que han variado a lo largo del tiempo. Desde las medidas represivas propias del terrorismo de Estado, en los años de las dictaduras militares, a la conjunción actual de circun ... more

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Journalists at risk: Looking beyond just physical safety

Stephen Jukes

Future of Journalism Conference (2015), 12 pp.

"Hardly a day goes by when we are not reminded of the hazards of modern journalism. The already unacceptably high levels of intimidation, kidnapping and killing have escalated still further with the civil conflict in Iraq and Syria and the series of brutal beheadings carried out by ISIS. But while m ... more