Safety of Journalists CFOM Sheffield

The Centre for Freedom of the Media (CFOM) at the University of Sheffield (UK) is an interdisciplinary research centre with global outreach on issues of media freedom, journalism safety, editorial standards and impunity. During the 2022 Academic Consultation on the UN Plan of Action on the Safety of Journalists and the Issue of Impunity, CFOM conducted a literature stocktake to scope out academic literature published in the area of media freedom, journalism safety and impunity. CFOM collated this information and produced a literature database organised by themes or countries for accessibility. The collection is especially strong on country- and region-specific safety issues and on surveys of emotional wellbeing of journalists. This special collection is curated by gemma.horton@sheffield.ac.uk.

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Risks and Resilience in the Case of Brazilian Female Journalists: How Women Perceive Violence Against Media Professionals and Cope with its Effects

Gisele Barão da Silva, Giulia Sbaraini Fontes, Francisco Paulo Jamil Marques

Journalism Studies, volume 24, issue 7 (2022), pp. 956-975

"The article examines how Brazilian women journalists claim gender-related issues influence the risks they experience in their professional routines and private life. Data was collected through 31 semi-structured interviews with female professionals who experienced episodes of violence during the co ... more

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Digital (In)Security in Latin America: The Dimensions of Social Media Violence against the Press and Journalists’ Coping Strategies

Summer Harlow, Ryan Wallace, Lourdes Cueva Chacón

Digital Journalism, volume 11, issue 10 (2022), pp. 1829-1847

"As the journalism industry faces increasing risk and insecurity in the digital environment, there is still much to know about how journalists are reacting to and internalizing online harassment, and what the consequences are for their routines. Approaching the problem from a socio-technical perspec ... more

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Improving Monitoring for Crimes Against Journalists: Report on Monitoring Workshop

Manizja Aziz, Leon Willems

Free Press Unlimited (2022), 10 pp.

"This report is part of a UNESCO-financed project entitled “Improving monitoring for crimes against journalists”, which fits into the framework of the wider SDG 2030 Agenda. The first pillar of this project was a survey and in-depth interviews with civil society organisations involved in monitor ... more

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Empowering Civil Society: The Theatricality of Protest in Malta

Vicki Ann Cremona

New Theatre Quarterly, volume 38, issue 2 (2022), pp. 125-138

"The recent barbaric murder of an investigative journalist in Malta who was looking into corruption at the top echelons of power sparked off a civil society movement, Repubblika, spurring ordinary citizens into participating in collective protest action. The movement also incorporated a loose groupi ... more

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Egyptian Women Journalists’ Feminist Voices in a Shifting Digitalized Journalistic Field

Sahar Khamis, Rasha El-Ibiary

Digital Journalism, volume 10, issue 7 (2022), pp. 1238-1256

"This qualitative feminist study analyzes Egyptian women journalists’ articulations of their shifting roles, struggles, and resistances to the political, legal, socio-economic, and professional challenges in a shifting, hybrid, and digitalized journalistic field. Through analyzing 16 interviews wi ... more

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The Universal Periodic Review (UPR) and its Potential to Foster Freedom of Expression, Access to Information and Safety of Journalists: Guidelines for Civil Society Organizations

UNESCO; Amnesty International (2022), 17 pp.

"This guide aims to encourage civil society and community organizations, activists and individuals to engage with the United Nations' (UN) Universal Periodic Review (UPR) mechanism on freedom of expression, safety of journalists and access to information issues. The guide explains why it is importan ... more

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Trauma-Informed Journalism

Kevin J. Becker, Lori Shontz

In: Trauma in Adult and Higher Education: Conversations and Critical Reflections

Laura Douglass, Aubry Threlkeld, Lisa R. Merriweather (eds.)

Charlotte, NC: Information Age Publishing (2022), pp. 205-220

"Covering stories of tragedy and trauma is commonplace for journalists. To date, no organized or consistent approaches for teaching journalists about the impacts of trauma on their own lives, and the lives of those that are impacted by tragedy, have been developed. Journalists are left on their own ... more

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Journalism Safety from a Multilateral Organization Perspective

Guilherme Canela

Journalism Practice, volume 16 (2022), pp. 1955-1964

"The commentary highlights the analysis of an international organizations’ technocrat in charge of implementing multilateral policy designed to increase the safety of journalists by preventing, protecting, and prosecuting crimes against them. Being UNESCO the leading coordinating UN agency in the ... more

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Why collective resilience in journalism matters: A call to action in global media development

Jeannine E. Relly, Silvio Waisbord

Journal of Applied Journalism & Media Studies, volume 11, issue 2 (2022), pp. 163-188

"The COVID-19 pandemic, global economic downturn, anti-press violence and worsening situation of labour precarity for journalists around the world have led to increased stress, trauma and burnout in the profession, which raises questions at the heart of media sustainability and approaches to media d ... more

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From State Repression to Fear of non-state Actors: Examining Emerging Threats of Journalism Practice in Ethiopia

Téwodros W. Workneh

Journalism Practice, volume 16, issue 9 (2022), pp. 1909-1926

"Non-state media journalists in Ethiopia traditionally faced safety threats emanating from state-sponsored attacks and punitive legal frameworks. Recently, however, state hostility is being replaced by non-state actors’ aggression against journalists. By framing emerging threats of reporters’ sa ... more

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Lives, Jobs, Homeland: Afghan Women Journalists Lose All

Association of Women in Radio and Television (AWRT-K) (2022), 52 pp.

"According to a survey conducted by Reporters without Borders (RSF) in December 2021, from 10,790 people working in Afghan media (8,290 men and 2,490 women) at the start of August 2021, only 4,360 (3,950 men and 410 women) were still working and the number may reduce even further. For this survey, d ... ata were collected through online and in-person manual surveys in May 2022. The questionnaire included 23 questions and was completed by 308 respondents in Dari (75.97%) and Pashto (24.03%). All 100 percent respondents were female. The survey largely represented reporters (54.87%), followed by journalists (19.16%), producers (9.74%), presenters (3.90%) and others (12.01%). [...] A majority of respondents (67.86%) reported that they have lost their jobs since the de facto authorties’ takeover of Afghanistan in August. The highest ratio of respondents having lost their jobs compared to the respondents interviewed were in Bamyan (100%), followed by Kandahar (91%), Balkh (85%), Badakhshan (68%) and Kabul (62%). 60.39% of respondents reported that they have felt ‘major changes’ since the collapse of the former government. In addition, 28.90% respondents reported changes in some cases. As for the level of restrictions imposed on reporting since the de facto authorities’ takeover of power, an astounding 80.52% of respondents reported the case to be ‘very restricted’. As far as the reporting autonomy is concerned, 45.13% respondents mentioned that ‘Government Interferences have Increased’, while 35.71% responded as ‘Bad’ meaning the independency in journalists’ reporting is bad. 46.75% of respondents mentioned that the de facto authorities’ spokespersons do not respond to female journalists, followed by 29.55% who mentioned that they do respond, but just in some cases. All 100% of the respondents reported that they have received some kind of threat since the de facto authorities have taken over the power, and reported the major threat against female journalists to be the new restrictions imposed by the de facto authorities (52.9%), followed by the gender-based discrimination (18.8%), and threats posed by extremist groups (16.9%). A majority of the respondents (55.19%) reported that they were restricted from their work specifically due to their outfit/sense of clothing and some (27.92%) reported that they have experienced the same but to some extent only." (Executive summary, pages 5-6) more

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Multi Donor Special Account on Freedom of Expression and Safety of Journalists: Programme Strategy

Paris: UNESCO (2022), 45 pp.

"The Multi Donor Programme on Freedom of Expression and Safety of Journalists focuses on two thematic areas with the objective of enabling a free and safe environment for a free, independent and pluralistic media, freedom of expression, access to information and the safety of journalists – what UN ... more

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Protecting the Messenger: An International Humanitarian Law Perspective

Sebastian Kasper

Journal of Mediation and Applied Conflict Analysis, volume 8, issue 1 (2022), pp. 38-58

"The war in and against Ukraine has brought home the importance of accurate, trustworthy reporting — even from dangerous places. In mediation, particularly mediation arising from armed conflict, it is difficult to overstate the importance of accurate information to help mediate between claim and c ... more

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Journalism and Mental Health: Ugandan Journalists’ Perspectives

Angella Napakol, Samuel Kazibwe, Ann Mugunga, Elizabeth Kitego, Osborn Ahimbisibwe, Joseph Kiva

In: COVID-19 and the Media in Sub-Saharan Africa: Media Viability, Framing and Health Communication

Carol Azungi Dralega, Angella Napakol (eds.)

Leeds: Emerald Publishing (2022), pp. 147-162

"In the midst of a public health crisis like the COVID-19 pandemic, journalists play an important role of sharing information of consequence with the public. As first responders to precarious events, they work in close proximity to the threat they are reporting on yet at the same time struggle with ... more

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Online Trolling of Journalists

Silvio Waisbord

In: The Routledge Companion to News and Journalism

Stuart Allan (ed.)

London; New York: Routledge (2022), 10 pp.

"Academic studies and news stories alike have been documenting a quite devastating picture of the online trolling of journalists, especially women and minorities, around the world. The scale and the magnitude of trolling have attracted the attention of governments and international organizations, pa ... more

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”You have to prove the threat is real”: Understanding the needs of Female Journalists and Activists to Document and Report Online Harassment

Nitesh Goyal, Leslie Park, Lucy Vasserman

CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI' 22), New Orleans; ACM (2022), 17 pp.

"Online harassment is a major societal challenge that impacts multiple communities. Some members of community, like female journalists and activists, bear significantly higher impacts since their profession requires easy accessibility, transparency about their identity, and involves highlighting sto ... more

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Cómo prepararse para reportear situaciones de alto riesgo

Malva Izquierdo

Oxford: Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism (2022), 28 pp.

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How to Prepare for High-Risk Reporting Situation

Malva Izquierdo

Oxford: Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism (2022), 26 pp.

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Sedition and Freedom of Expression for Journalists in Botswana: A Comment on Mokone v Attorney General and Others

Badala Tachilisa Balule

Journal of African Law, volume 66, issue 2 (2022), pp. 355-366

"Journalists play an important role in promoting and facilitating the right to freedom of expression. To promote and facilitate freedom of expression effectively, they should be free to perform their duties without fear of reprisals, intimidation or harassment. Journalists should carry out their dut ... more

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Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices of Nigerian Journalists Towards Safety Protocols in an Insecure and Covid-19 Pandemic Nation

Fidelis Ndidiamaka Asogwa, Monday Ogodo Ogodo, Ibe Nkechinyere Awo

Melting Pot, volume 6, issue 2 (2022), pp. 87-102

"This paper examines the knowledge, attitudes and practices of Nigerian journalists towards safety protocols especially within security and COVID-19 in Nigeria. The study adopted the survey methodology and relied on questionnaire as instrument of primary data collection. The population of the study ... more