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Digital Access, Inequalities & Inclusion

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Gender Norms, Gendered Work and Intersectional Digital Inequalities in Rwanda

Araba Sey et al.

Research ICT Africa (2021), 58 pp.

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The Mobile Gender Gap Report 2021

Isabelle Carboni et al.

London: GSMA (2021), 65 pp.

"1. Women’s access to mobile internet continues to increase across low- and middle-income countries, while mobile ownership remains relatively flat: 83 per cent of women own a mobile phone and 58 per cent use mobile internet. Women are also more likely than men to access the internet exclusively o ... more

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Policy Brief and Recommendations for an Enabling Environment for Community Networks in Brazil

Adriana Labardini Inzunza, Bruna Zanolli et al.

Association for Progressive Communications (APC) (2021), 152 pp.

"The policy brief we hereby present to the Brazilian National Telecommunications Agency (Anatel) includes recommendations and specific proposals to enable community networks in Brazil, considering extensive research in both the global and Brazilian context, the state of the art of these small, not-f ... more

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Connecting Empowerment: How Social Network Expansion in Women’s Collectives Helps Bridge the Gender Digital Divide

Eric Rice, Sara Chamberlain

London: BBC Media Action (2021), 9 pp.

"This report, based on research conducted with women's empowerment collectives (self help groups, co-operatives, rights-based groups, trade unions) in India in late 2019, explores the relationship between the expansion of women's social networks in collectives, their growing empowerment, and their a ... more

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Mobile Training Center: Closing the Digital Divide for Marginalized Youth. Skills to Succeed Bangladesh

Save the Children (2021), 2 pp.

"The opportunity for further growth in the ICT sector by leveraging the sizeable youth workforce, including females, is immense. The Skills to Succeed program in Bangladesh helps vulnerable youth (ages 15-24), living in slum communities, develop employability, ICT technical and entrepreneurship skil ... ls, and provides job linkage services to prepare them to obtain decent work in the ICT & Business Process Outsourcing (BPO) value chain, from which marginalized youth have traditionally been excluded. Since 2017, 10,800 youth have received employability skills training (41% female). Additionally, 6,810 youth have received vocational training in ICT and 2,730 entrepreneurship training. Of these, 3,117 youth have been placed in jobs and 504 in self-employment. One of the key learnings from the S2S program in Bangladesh is that, in order for youth to be more likely to advance in the ICT sector, where technology leaps forward at a fast pace, they need to become lifelong learners and, ideally, develop technology skills at an earlier age. This is why the S2S program is expanding to reach marginalized in-school and out-of-school very young adolescents (ages 10 to 14) to build their life skills, growth mindset and digital skills so they are able to continuously learn, adapt and be prepared to take advantage of the jobs of the future. An innovative approach for providing access to the internet and build the digital skills of to the most marginalized adolescents and youth in Bangladesh, particularly girls, is the use of a Mobile Training Center (MTC). The MTC moves around Chattogram to provide skills training to adolescent girls and boys at their doorsteps. The MTC has one technical instructor and two life skills trainers. These instructors facilitate a 24-hour training on life skills and growth mindset, and a 24-hour training on digital literacy and citizenship. The MTC is set up in a large bus, it is equipped with 15 laptop computers, internet connection, and furniture to facilitate trainings. Internet access is provided through 3G/4G portable Router Access Points. Service is procured from high quality mobile network service providers in Bangladesh, such as Grameen Phone or Robi, with whom the program has corporate agreements. By meeting adolescents close to their homes and communities, the MTC will overcome common participation barriers for marginalized and vulnerable adolescents, such as personal safety and the time and cost of traveling to training centers. These barriers frequently prevent girls from pursuing or completing trainings." (Pages 1-2) more

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Sustainable, Universal Access to the Internet: Environmental Implications and Policy Choices

Teddy Woodhouse

Washington, DC: Alliance for Affordable Internet (A4AI); World Wide Web Foundation (2021), 29 pp.

"This report analyses how governments are building climate and carbon factors into their broadband policies, looks at the consequences of inaction, and suggests policy recommendations towards a greener internet. We compiled publicly available documents for the national broadband plans from the 100 l ... more

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Desigualdades digitales: Aproximación sociojurídica al acceso a Internet en Colombia

Víctor Práxedes Saavedra Rionda, Daniel Ospina Celis, Juan Carlos Upegui, Diana C. León Torres

Bogotá: Dejusticia (2021), 106 pp.

"En este texto nos preguntamos, en concreto, por los efectos de la desigualdad económica en el acceso a las tecnologías digitales, en especial a Internet y, por ende, a los derechos que se ejercen a través suyo. También nos preguntamos por la caracterización jurídica del acceso a Internet, tan ... more

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Pandemic in the Internet age: From second wave to new normal, recovery, adaptation and resilience

Scott W. Minehane, Simon Molloy

Geneva: ITU (2021), ix, 96 pp.

"ICTs have an enormous role to play in helping society adapt to the dislocations caused by the pandemic. This enhanced role comes in addition to the already central part that digital technologies have assumed in driving innovation, digital disruption and economic growth and development, particularly ... more

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Universal Service and Access Funds in Latin America & The Caribbean
Deep Insights

Nathalia Foditsch, Barbara Marchiori de Assis

Washington, DC: Alliance for Affordable Internet (A4AI); Internet Society (2021), 65 pp.

"Universal Service and Access Funds (USAFs) have been used by governments in Latin American and Caribbean (LAC) countries since the 80s/90s to address telecommunication related gaps. While their existence is not free from criticism, they are an instrument that has been created to achieve universalit ... more

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Affordability Report 2021: A New Strategy for Universal Access

Washington, DC: Alliance for Affordable Internet (A4AI); World Wide Web Foundation (2021), 28 pp.

"This report is the eighth edition of the Affordability Report. Released annually by the Alliance for Affordable Internet (A4AI), the report summarises the state of internet affordability around the world and of the policies and regulations that affect it [...] The latest update of the Affordability ... more

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From Digital Divide to Digital Justice in the Global South: Conceptualising Adverse Digital Incorporation

Richard Heeks

Manchester: Centre for Digital Development (2021), 13 pp.

"The connection between digital and inequality has traditionally been understood in terms of the digital divide or of forms of digital inequality whose core conceptualisation is exclusion. This paper argues that, as the global South moves into a digital development paradigm of growing breadth and de ... more

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Measuring Digital Development: Facts and Figures 2021

Geneva: ITU (2021), iv, 26 pp.

"An estimated 4.9 billion people are using the Internet in 2021, according to latest estimates in this 2021 edition of Measuring Digital Development: Facts and figures. That means that roughly 63 per cent of the world’s population is now online – an increase of 17 per cent – with almost 800 mi ... llion people estimated to have come online since 2019. Internet penetration increased more than 20 per cent on average in Africa, in Asia and the Pacific, and in the UN-designated Least Developed Countries (LDCs). With most of the 17 Global Goals thrust sharply off-track by the force of the emergency, the pandemic has highlighted – and exacerbated – the crippling cost of digital exclusion. Achieving universal meaningful connectivity has become a matter of the utmost urgency if we are to meet the SDGs by the end of the decade. We cannot close the digital divide if we cannot measure it. And we cannot connect the unconnected if we do not know who they are, where they live, and why they remain offline – nor can we measure the success of our policies to bridge the gap . While the access divide is close to being bridged, with 95 per cent of the world’s population now living within range of a mobile broadband network, important blind spots remain. Close to 30 per cent of Africa’s rural population still lacks mobile broadband coverage. And even though the vast majority of the world’s people could access the Internet through mobile broadband, less than two thirds actually do. The statistics reveal a connectivity ‘grand canyon’ separating the digitally empowered from the digitally excluded, with 96 per cent of the 2.9 billion still offline living in the developing world. Drilling down to country level also affords a more nuanced picture. Location plays a big part: our figures reveal that the share of Internet users in urban areas is twice as high as in rural areas. There is also a generational gap – 71 per cent of the world’s population aged 15-24 is using the Internet, compared with 57 per cent of all other age groups. And gender remains a factor: globally, 62 per cent of men are using the Internet compared with 57 per cent of women. While that digital gender divide has been narrowing across all regions, women remain digitally marginalized in many of the world’s poorest countries, where online access could potentially have its most powerful effect." (Foreword) more

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Digital Inclusion of the Orang Asli of Peninsular Malaysia: Remote Virtual Mechanism for Usability of Telecentres Amongst Indigenous Peoples

Poline Bala, Chon Eng Tan

Electronic Journal of Information Systems in Developing Countries (EJISDC), volume 87, issue 4, e12171 (2021), 14 pp.

"Turning to an ICT-based community development known as the Telecentre Programme amongst Orang Asli, an indigenous people groups in Peninsular Malaysia, this paper describes why a remote virtual management devise was invented to encounter challenges related to rugged terrain constraints, which would ... more

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Connected: How a Mexican Village Built its Own Cell Phone Network

Roberto Jesús González

Oakland, Calif.: University of California Press (2020), xiii, 259 pp.

"This is the true story of how, against all odds, a remote Mexican pueblo built its own autonomous cell phone network – without help from telecom companies or the government. Anthropologist Roberto J. González paints a vivid and nuanced picture of life in a Oaxaca mountain village and the collect ... more

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Africa’s Digital Divide and the Promise of E-Learning
Deep Insights

Matthias Krönke

Afrobarometer (2020), 18 pp.

"On average across 34 countries, one in five adults (20%) have access to both a smartphone and a computer, while 43% only have access to a basic cell phone. In 15 out of 34 countries, at least half of adults have access to a smartphone or a computer or both. About three in 10 respondents (31%) use t ... more

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Making Open Development Inclusive: Lessons from IDRC Research

Matthew L. Smith, Ruhiya Kristine Seward (eds.)

Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press; International Development Research Centre (IDRC) (2020), xiv, 498 pp.

"Making Open Development Inclusive: Lessons from IDRC Research focuses on the connection between openness and inclusion in global development. It brings together the latest research that cuts across a wide variety of political, economic, and social arenas - from governance to education to entreprene ... more

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Digital Inclusion Across the Globe: What is Being Done to Tackle Digital Inequities?

Bianca C. Reisdorf, Colin Rhinesmith (eds.)

Social Inclusion, volume 8, issue 2 (2020), pp. 132-259

"There is a large body of research that has examined digital inequities, inequalities, and divides—i.e., those countries, communities, and individuals digitally left behind or disadvantaged. Whereas we know quite a lot about what is lacking and for whom, there is less focus on what works to allevi ... more

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Affordability Report 2020

Washington, DC: Alliance for Affordable Internet (A4AI) (2020), 51 pp.

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Digital Inclusion Across the Americas and the Caribbean

Laura Robinson, Jeremy Schulz, Matías Dodel, Teresa Correa, Eduardo Villanueva-Mansilla et al.

Social Inclusion, volume 8, issue 2 (2020), pp. 244-259

"This research brings together scholarship across the Americas and Caribbean to examine digital inclusion initiatives in the following countries: Uruguay, Chile, Peru, Brazil, Mexico, Cuba, Jamaica, the United States, and Canada. Across the cases, several themes emerge that offer important indicator ... more

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Google Scholar (205)

WorldCat (222)

Digital Inequalities in the Global South

Massimo Ragnedda, Anna Gladkova (eds.)

Cham: Palgrave Macmillan (2020), xvii, 372 pp.

"This book discusses how digital inequalities today may lead to other types of inequalities in the Global South. Contributions to this collection move past discussing an access problem - a binary division between 'haves and have-nots' - to analyse complex inequalities in the internet use, benefits, ... more

Universal Service and Access Funds in Latin America & The Caribbean Deep Insights

Africa’s Digital Divide and the Promise of E-Learning Deep Insights

Universal Service and Access Funds in Latin America & The Caribbean
Deep Insights

Africa’s Digital Divide and the Promise of E-Learning
Deep Insights