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ITP Media Regulation Reference Book. State, Self- and Co-Regulation: Legal Frameworks and Professional Standards for Independent News Media
Key Guides

Bill Orme

Media Development in a Democratic Framework (ITP Media); Niras International Consulting; Fojo Media Institute; International Media Support (IMS); Global Reporting (2022), 141 pp.

"The purpose of this ITP and this reference book material, is to look at ways to strengthen independent journalism with a “public interest” mission, both through voluntary self-regulation and a better un derstanding of official oversight and legal safeguards for the news media, in all its differ ... more

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The Freedom to Conduct and Publish Opinion Polls: A 2022 Worldwide Update

Kathy Frankovic, David A. Jodice, Kseniya Kizilova, See Toh Wai Yu

ESOMAR (2022), 99 pp.

"Although the share of countries with limits on the publication of pre-election polls has dropped to 46%, an additional 24 countries (15%) do not permit election polling at all. Governments in one-third of countries officially regulate polls. More than one in four countries have taboos on publishing ... surveys about religion, and one in five reject polling on crime and on voting. Many countries do not have access to in-country training in survey research. In 43% of the 157 countries, the quality of reporting about polls in the news media is rated as somewhat or very low quality, nearly twice as high as the share of countries who see local journalistic reporting as of somewhat or very high quality. Polling itself has become more difficult due to budget cuts, increased costs of data collection, and lowered response rates. Regions like Latin America stand out as different in many areas. Latin America has the highest share of countries with pre-election poll embargoes. Nearly all countries report embargoes, and it is the region where embargoes are the longest on average (the median embargo length is seven days, though polling is more accurate the closer to election day it is conducted). In addition, more than any other region, Latin American countries report that personal interviewing is not safe. Nearly half of countries there (47%) believe that interviewers conducting face-to-face surveys are either somewhat or very unsafe, almost three times the global percentage. Europe is the region with the second largest percentage of embargoes (behind Latin America), but for half of those countries, the restrictions on publication last only two or three days. European countries, as well as those in Sub-Saharan Africa and North America & the Caribbean, are also the most likely to have professional associations to deal with complaints about polling and to promulgate standards. While it appears from the tables that parts of Asia Pacific Oceania and Sub-Saharan Africa might not have pre-election restrictions on the publication of polls, in nearly a third of those countries in West Asia & North Africa and Sub-Saharan Africa, it is not permitted to publish polls about elections and voting (in about a quarter of countries in those two regions, polls about voting cannot even be conducted)." (Executive summary) more

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National Human Rights Institutions and Journalist Safety

Binod Bhattarai

Copenhagen: International Media Support (IMS) (2022), 98 pp.

"This report explores the role of national human rights institutions (NHRIs) in South and Southeast Asia – Nepal, the Philippines, Indonesia and Pakistan – and how their engagement in supporting national protection mechanisms for journalists can contribute to upholding their mandate of promoting ... human rights for all. Indonesia has an estimated 100,000 journalists in a population of over 271 million people. Its geography represents a challenge for monitoring violations of press freedom and the safety of journalists. In Indonesia, journalists’ and civil society groups have begun to support vulnerable journalists and to collaborate on setting up a national safety mechanism for them. Such a mechanism could involve existing organisations of journalists, the National Human Rights Commission of Indonesia, the Press Council and other state agencies. Preliminary consultations are assessing which institutions might anchor such a mechanism and whether the existing legal framework is appropriate or adequate. Nepal saw a rise in the persecution and assassinations of journalists during the Maoist government conflict (1996-2006) and the long transition to a new constitution (2006-2015). Some perpetrators were prosecuted successfully, but many cases remain open. Nepal was one of the first countries whose NHRI considered the establishment of a mechanism for journalists’ safety. The Nepal National Human Rights Commission and the Federation of Nepali Journalists began working towards this in 2012, and their efforts culminated in 2019 when the Nepal National Human Rights Commission approved a directive to establish a multi-stakeholder mechanism for upholding the freedom of expression of all citizens, including journalists. Pakistan has one of the world’s highest rates of impunity for crimes against journalists, despite the formidable efforts of journalists’ and civil society groups. For example, out of over 140 journalist deaths, only three perpetrators have been prosecuted and all three verdicts were overturned on appeal. However, change could be in the air: Pakistan enacted a new national law in 2021 – based on one adopted earlier by a provincial government – to protect journalists’ safety. While this legislation is welcome, those laws do not include a role for the Pakistan National Commission of Human Rights and thus could be more robust, according to journalists’ and civil society groups. The Philippines is one of the world’s most dangerous countries for journalists, but the government has begun working with its NHRI on a multi-stakeholder mechanism to protect them. Since 1986, 234 journalists and media professionals in the Philippines have been killed, including 19 after President Rodrigo Duterte took charge of the administration in October 2016. According to media and civil society groups, state agencies have allegedly been involved in 114 attacks and threats against journalists and civil society advocates who had first been “red-tagged” by the authorities for their supposed links with armed communist insurgents and/or “terrorism”. In July 2018, the Philippine Commission on Human Rights (CHR) adopted a resolution to form a taskforce with a mandate to monitor and investigate media-related extrajudicial killings. This led to more collaboration between the CHR, media and civil society groups. As a result, the Philippine Action Plan on the Safety of Journalists was launched in November 2019, as part of a threeyear European Union project that seeks to establish a national multi-stakeholder mechanism for the safety of journalists." (Executive summary, pages 9-10) more

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Handbook on Laws and Regulations Affecting Freedom of Expression, Media Freedom and Digital Rights in Zambia

Jane Chirwa, Austine Sitali (eds.)

Lusaka: Media Institute of Southern Africa (MISA) (2022), vi, 74 pp.

"The handbook is an advocacy tool that details laws and regulations that enable and impact freedom of expression, media freedom, work of human rights defenders and activists in Zambia." (Publisher description)

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Actualización de la jurisprudencia del Sistema Interamericano de Derechos Humanos sobre libertad de expresión. Caja de herramientas para escuelas judiciales Iberoamericanas: Formación en libertad de expresión, acceso a la información pública y seguridad de periodistas

Edison Lanza

Montevideo: UNESCO (2022), 33 pp.

"Este trabajo tiene como objetivo avanzar en la comprensión de una serie de casos del Sistema Interamericano de extraordinario contenido y valor para fortalecer el rol de los jueces en la prevención de situaciones que vulneren el derecho a libertad de expresión, el acceso a la información, así ... more

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Diagnóstico del sector radiodifusión sonora e identificación de necesidades regulatorias

Bogotá: Comisión de Regulación de Comunicaciones (CRCOM) (2022), 36 pp.

"El estudio presentado contiene la caracterización del sector de radiodifusión sonora en el país, incluyendo una descripción de la cadena de valor y de la interacción de los agentes que hacen parte de esta. Así mismo, el estudio presenta la identificación de manera preliminar de un conjunto d ... more

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Inter-American System of Human Rights

Anderson Dirocie (ed.)

New York: Columbia University, Global Freedom of Expression (2022), 18 pp.

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Grand Chamber of the European Court of Human Rights

Carlo Carvajal, José Ignacio Michaus (eds.)

New York: Columbia University, Global Freedom of Expression (2022), 25 pp.

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A Special Collection of the Case Law of the African System of Human and Peoples’ Rights

New York: Columbia University, Global Freedom of Expression (2022), 14 pp.

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Media Influence Matrix Mexico: Government, Politics and Regulation

Argelia Muñoz Larroa, Rodrigo Gómez, Juan Larrosa Fuentes

London; Montevideo: Media and Journalism Research Center (MJRC); Observacom (2022), 34 pp.

"Despite the positive impact of the constitutional reform of 2013 and other previous or related regulations, media policy in Mexico is still faced with numerous challenges. Many objectives of the 2013 reform, in fact, could not be achieved because of a series of secondary laws that have been adopted ... more

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Sudan’s Brief, Fragile Reform Window (2019–2021)

Mary Myers, Lina Yassin

Center for International Media Assistance (CIMA) (2022), 8 pp.

"This report, part of the Center for International Media Assistance's "Media Reform amid Political Upheaval" series, re-views Sudan's media climate and examines the role of Sudan's government, media, foreign donors, and international me-dia assistance actors in attempting to foster change in a count ... more

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Public Funding for Private Media in the MENA Region

Sarah Zaarour

BBC Media Action; PRIMED (2022), 16 pp.

"This research paper was commissioned by BBC Media Action to support discussions in a national conference in Sierra Leone in April 2022 aimed at fostering an enabling environment for media investment and at exploring new ways of supporting independent media. Combining desk research and interviews, i ... more

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The Search for Sustainable Local Media: Tools and Models

Franz Krüger

BBC Media Action; PRIMED (2022), 3 pp.

"A summary of the forthcoming policy paper Greening Africa's news deserts: The search for sustainable local media in sub-Saharan Africa, soon to be published. The policy paper has been written with support from the Konrad Adenauer Foundation and Fojo Media Institute. It focuses on local and communit ... more

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Media Reform Amid Political Upheaval: Lessons from Burma, Ethiopia, Sudan, Tunisia, and Ukraine
Deep Insights

Tarik Jusic, Heather Gilberds

Washington, DC: Center for International Media Assistance (CIMA) (2022), 36 pp.

"This study points to several recommendations for how international donors can improve support for media sector reform in countries at critical political junctures, and how they can build upon and strengthen approaches that have been effective in the past. Donor support is more likely to be effectiv ... more

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Protecting the Messenger: An International Humanitarian Law Perspective

Sebastian Kasper

Journal of Mediation and Applied Conflict Analysis, volume 8, issue 1 (2022), pp. 38-58

"The war in and against Ukraine has brought home the importance of accurate, trustworthy reporting — even from dangerous places. In mediation, particularly mediation arising from armed conflict, it is difficult to overstate the importance of accurate information to help mediate between claim and c ... more

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Aporte de los medios comunitarios para el derecho a la comunicación: Apuntes urgentes para el debate legislativo en Ecuador

Verónica Calvopiña Panchi

Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung (FES) (2022), 23 pp.

"El presente artículo plantea la necesidad de entender de manera integral el derecho a la comunicación y de recopilar los puntos que, desde el sector de medios comunitarios, se consideran fundamentales para que no existan retrocesos en la legislación de comunicación." (Página 2)

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Pluralismo, diversidad y libertad de expresión: Estándares interamericanos sobre obligaciones de los Estados y límites a la regulación de medios

Damián Loreti

Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung (FES) (2022), 29 pp.

"Este documento hace un recorrido por los estándares fijados por los órganos del Sistema Interamericano de Derechos Humanos que establecen las obligaciones de los Estados para garantizar el pluralismo y la diversidad de los sistemas mediáticos como parte de la protección del derecho a la liberta ... more

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Long-Term Investments Pay Dividends in Ukraine

Antonina Cherevko, Maksym Dvorovyi

Washington, DC: Center for International Media Assistance (CIMA) (2022), 8 pp.

"Since gaining independence after the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, Ukraine has lurched along an unsteady path toward accountable democratic governance. Yet despite the country's volatile politics and the escalating conflict with Russia leading up to the full-scale invasion of Ukraine in ... more

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Media Reform in Tunisia: A Volatile Process

Fatima el Issawi

Washington, DC: Center for International Media Assistance (CIMA) (2022), 25 pp.

"The halting progress of the Tunisian media reform reflects the uncertainty and vulnerability of the political reform. As Professor of Communication and Democracy Katrin Voltmer contends, emerging media systems are unique types that are a blend of inherited structures, the constraints of the transit ... more

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Long-Term Investments Pay Dividends in Ukraine

Antonina Cherevko, Maksym Dvorovyi

Washington, DC: Center for International Media Assistance (CIMA) (2022), 27 pp.

"International assistance actors have played an important role in supporting media reforms in Ukraine. Their long-term, continuous efforts planted the seeds for groundbreaking media environment changes during Ukraine’s democratic transition. International donors’ sustained engagement in Ukraine ... more

ITP Media Regulation Reference Book. State, Self- and Co-Regulation: Legal Frameworks and Professional Standards for Independent News Media Key Guides

Media Reform Amid Political Upheaval: Lessons from Burma, Ethiopia, Sudan, Tunisia, and Ukraine Deep Insights

ITP Media Regulation Reference Book. State, Self- and Co-Regulation: Legal Frameworks and Professional Standards for Independent News Media
Key Guides

Media Reform Amid Political Upheaval: Lessons from Burma, Ethiopia, Sudan, Tunisia, and Ukraine
Deep Insights