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A Field Guide to “Fake News” and Other Information Disorders
Key Guides
Amsterdam: Public Data Lab (2018), 212 pp.
"The guide explores the notion that fake news is not just another type of content that circulates online, but that it is precisely the character of this online circulation and reception that makes something into fake news. In this sense fake news may be considered not just in terms of the form or co
...
Meinungsmache im Netz: Fake News, Bots und Hate Speech
Göttingen: Steidl (2018), 198 pp.
"Das Internet war einmal ein großes Versprechen von Teilhabe, Aufklärung und Demokratie. Aktuell droht seine liberale Ursprungsidee in ihr Gegenteil umzuschlagen, das Netz bietet Ausgrenzung, Parallelrealitäten und demokratiefeindlicher Stimmungsmache eine Plattform. Fake News und Manipulation gr
...
Architects of Networked Disinformation: Behind the Scenes of Troll Accounts and Fake News Production in the Philippines
Deep Insights
"The study explains how strategists set campaign objectives based on input from their political clients, then delegate political marketing responsibility to a team of digital influencers and fake account operators. These operators infiltrate online communities, artificially trend hashtags to hijack
...
The Psychology of Conspiracy Theories
London; New York: Routledge (2018), ix, 108 pp.
"Who believes in conspiracy theories, and why are some people more susceptible to them than others? What are the consequences of such beliefs? Has a conspiracy theory ever turned out to be true? The Psychology of Conspiracy Theories debunks the myth that conspiracy theories are a modern phenomenon,
...
The fake news game: Actively inoculating against the risk of misinformation
Journal of Risk Research, volume 22, issue 5 (2018), pp. 570-580
"The rapid spread of online misinformation poses an increasing risk to societies worldwide. To help counter this, we developed a ‘fake news game’ in which participants are actively tasked with creating a news article about a strongly politicized issue (the European refugee crisis) using misleadi
...
Challenging Truth and Trust: A Global Inventory of Organized Social Media Manipulation
Deep Insights
Oxford: University of Oxford, Oxford Internet Institute (2018), 25 pp.
"Our key findings are: 1. We have found evidence of formally organized social media manipulation campaigns in 48 countries, up from 28 countries last year. In each country there is at least one political party or government agency using social media to manipulate public opinion domestically; 2. Much
...
Fakten statt Fakes: Verursacher, Verbreitungswege und Wirkungen von Fake News im Bundestagswahlkampf 2017
Berlin: Stiftung Neue Verantwortung (2018), 102 pp.
"Ziel dieser Studie ist es, empirische Fakten und Hintergründe zum Phänomen Fake-News in Deutschland zu liefern. Der Fokus der Untersuchung liegt darauf, wer an der Entstehung und Verbreitung von Fake News in der digitalen Öffentlichkeit beteiligt ist, wie groß die Reichweiten und wie erfolgreic
...
Disinformation Toolkit
Washington, DC: InterAction (2018), 27 pp.
"As the largest alliance of U.S.-based nonprofits that work around the world, we believe it is critical to raise awareness about the evolving threat of online disinformation. Whether our members are providing emergency assistance to people fleeing conflicts, promoting democratic governance in places
...
Network Propaganda: Manipulation, Disinformation, and Radicalization in American Politics
New York, NY: Oxford University Press (2018), ix, 462 pp.
"Analysing millions of news stories together with Twitter and Facebook shares, broadcast television and YouTube, the book provides a comprehensive overview of the architecture of contemporary American political communications. Through data analysis and detailed qualitative case studies of coverage o
...
Issue Brief: Distinguishing Disinformation from Propaganda, Misinformation and 'Fake News'
Washington, DC: National Endowment for Democracy (NED) (2018), 5 pp.
"Disinformation is a relatively new word. Most observers trace it back to the Russian word dezinformatsiya, which Soviet planners in the 1950s defined as “dissemination (in the press, on the radio, etc.) of false reports intended to mislead public opinion.” Others suggest that the earliest use o
...
Politics of Fake News: How WhatsApp Became a Potent Propaganda Tool in India
Media Watch, volume 9, issue 1 (2018), pp. 106-117
"While the Internet and multimedia applications have made it easy to produce and spread media, they have also made it possible to distribute fake news to masses. With over 200 million active users in India and growing, WhatsApp's reach and features make it a top choice to spread fake news. This not
...
"This research is aimed at assessing national vulnerabilities and preparedness to counteract foreign-led disinformation in 14 countries of Eastern and Central Europe. The Visegrad states (Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, Slovakia), Eastern Partnership countries (Azerbaijan, Armenia, Belarus, Georgia
...
Understanding Russian Communication Strategy: Case Studies of Serbia and Estonia
Stuttgart: Institut für Auslandsbeziehungen (ifa) (2018), 60 pp.
"As a part of Russian soft (or coercive) power disinformation and propaganda have become key elements in an updated Russian security policy since 2012/13. For Russian leadership disinformation and propaganda have become key instruments to impact domestic debates in EU member states and in the neighb
...
"Nichts ist, wie es scheint": Über Verschwörungstheorien
Berlin: Suhrkamp (2018), 270 pp.
"Seit 2015 Hunderttausende Flüchtlinge in die Bundesrepublik kamen, kursiert im Netz die Theorie vom »Großen Austausch«: Das Land solle von einer globalen »Finanzoligarchie« mittels der »Migrationswaffe« ausgeschaltet werden. Neben mangelndem Vertrauen in die Politik ist der Glaube an Versch
...
Russian Social Media Influence: Understanding Russian Propaganda in Eastern Europe
Santa Monica, Calif.: RAND Corporation (2018), xvii, 130 pp.
"A RAND Corporation study examined Russian-language content on social media and the broader propaganda threat posed to the region of former Soviet states that include Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Ukraine, and, to a lesser extent, Moldova and Belarus. In addition to employing a state-funded multilingu
...
Die informierte Gesellschaft und ihre Feinde: Warum die Digitalisierung unsere Demokratie gefährdet
Bonn: Bundeszentrale für politische Bildung (bpb), Sonderausg. (2018), 367 pp.
Social Media, Political Polarization, and Political Disinformation: A Review of the Scientific Literature
Hewlett Foundation (2018), 95 pp.
"The following report is intended to provide an overview of the current state of the literature on the relationship between social media; political polarization; and political “disinformation,” a term used to encompass a wide range of types of information about politics found online, including
...
The Oxygen of Amplification: Better Practices for Reporting on Extremists, Antagonists, and Manipulators Online
Data & Society Research Institute (2018), 128 pp.
"Part One, 'In Their Own Words: Trolling, Meme Culture, and Journalists’ Reflections on the 2016 US Presidential Election,' provides a historical overview of the relationship between the news media and far-right manipulators during the 2016 US presidential election. Part Two, 'At a Certain Point Y
...
State, media and civil society in the information warfare over Ukraine: Citizen curators of digital disinformation
International Affairs, volume 94, issue 5 (2018), pp. 975-994
"This article explores the dynamics of digital (dis)information in the conflict between Russia and Ukraine. International Relations scholars have presented the online debate in terms of ‘information warfare’—that is, a number of strategic campaigns to win over local and global public opinion,
...
Fake News, Filter Bubbles, Post-Truth and Trust: A Study Across 27 Countries
Ipsos (2018), 35 slides
"Fake news, post-truth and filter bubbles are other people’s problems, not ours…: 65% think that other people live in a bubble on the internet, mostly looking for opinions they already agree with – but only 34% say they live in their own bubble; 63% are confident they can identify fake news -
...
