Toolbox Management & Financing

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Public financing of news media in the EU: Final report

Astrid Henningsen, Adam Krcal

Luxembourg: European Union (2024), 162 pp.

"At an aggregate level, public allocations dedicated to public service media have increased only modestly in recent years. However, there are substantial variations in allocations (absolute and per capita) across countries. Some Member States have recently increased funding, others have cut back. As ... more

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Public Support for Local and Community Media in Three Countries: A Comparative Study

Franz Krüger

African Journalism Studies, volume 44, issue 4 (2023), pp. 310-326

"In the discussion of possible solutions to the business crisis facing legacy media, insufficient attention has been paid to existing arrangements that channel public money to media serving marginalised audiences, particularly in Global South countries. Argentina and South Africa are upper middle-in ... more

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National journalism funds: A GFMD impact policy paper

Sameer Padania, Francesca Silvani

Global Forum for Media Development (GFMD) (2023), 17 pp.

"As such, a National Fund for Journalism (NFJ) is a dedicated structure that is designed with a strategic sectoral purpose to provide long-term funding and financing to an independent journalism ecosystem in a particular country, region or place (as a Local or City Fund for Journalism, for example). ... It can take different forms, but in essence is designed to redress shortcomings, barriers or imbalances in a particular media market, or to incentivise, catalyse or accelerate new entrants or transformative processes in that market. A National Fund for Journalism (NFJ) can complement and reinforce other policy measures aimed at improving and strengthening the independent media ecosystem. NFJs are ideally nationally- or sometimes regionally-governed funding structures that are independent of the funders - including governments, bilaterals, multi-laterals, foundations, tech platforms and others - that provide them with financial resources. Even if underpinned principally by public money - either from a domestic government or from international government donors or both - their transparency and independence reduces the risk of the funder being seen to be interfering in the media landscape/market or in individual grantees. This can also help to give confidence to other sources of funding, such as philanthropic, tech, corporate or individual donations, where such donors are wary of being seen to fund media directly. Given these primary sources, NFJs need to operate with a high degree of accountability and transparency, and in general, NFJs are designed and administered by independent and professional bodies, with independent governance and transparent structures and processes. NFJs ideally include representation from diverse parts of the media sector, and potentially from citizens. An NFJ may be centrally administered through a single body or may be a mechanism to decentralise funding through diverse bodies or sub-funds to particular regions or communities, to counteract spatial, racial or other inequalities. As a sector-level intervention, an NFJ should have a longer horizon than project or programmatic funding schemes. In many locations, NFJs will need to address the need for long-term stable funding and therefore, if not established in perpetuity, could be designed to last for a minimum of ten years. NFJs should be established to exist beyond electoral or political cycles, emergencies or short-term project cycles. In many cases, for example, where funds are provided through regulatory mechanisms, they may be established in law." (Pages 4-5) more

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Incentivos tributarios para las industrias creativas: Guía práctica

Diana Rey Vásquez

Bogotá: Centro Regional para el Fomento del Libro en América Latina y el Caribe (CERLALC); Friedrich Naumann Stiftung (2023), 54 pp.

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Indirect and Direct Subsidies for Media: The European Experience

Milan F. Živkovic, Karolina Leakovic

BBC Media Action; PRIMED (2022), 22 pp.

"This report presents four models of direct media subsidies in Europe: from Serbia, Croatia, Sweden and the European Union as well as an overview of reduced VAT rates for newspapers, digital publications and periodicals in EU countries and Serbia. In recent years, the value of direct state aid for m ... more

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The Critical Role Support Organizations Can Play in Maturing the Local News Field

Anika Anand, Darryl Holliday

Democracy Fund; Commoner Company (2025), 16 pp.

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Enabling a Sustainable News Environment: A Framework for Media Finance Legislation
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Conny Moon Sehat, Amy Mitchell, Samuel Jens

Center for News, Technology & Innovation (CNTI) (2024), 46 pp.

"This study examines 23 recently enacted or proposed legislative efforts from 2018 through 2024 aimed at providing revenue streams for journalism. We hope it offers a fulsome method for analyzing possible paths forward. There are two main parts of the report: Part One groups this legislation into se ... more

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Peer-based research funding as a model for journalism funding

Maria Latos, Frank Lobigs, Holger Wormer

Journalism, volume 25, issue 11 (2024), pp. 2440-2459

"Financing high-quality journalistic reporting is becoming increasingly difficult worldwide and economic pressure has intensified in the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic. While numerous alternative funding possibilities are discussed, ranging from membership models to government funding, they should no ... more

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Creating National Funds to Support Journalism and Public-Interest Media
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Anya Schiffrin, Brigitte Alfter

Global Forum for Media Development (GFMD) (2023), 17 pp.

"Global interest in funds to support journalism is on the rise, as governments and journalists seek ways to support quality information even as the business model has become more difficult. Some countries, including those in Northern Europe and the European Union, have been using these journalism fu ... more

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Sustaining Journalism, Sustaining Democracy: A Policy Guide on Platforms and the Press

Michael Karanicolas, Courtney Radsch, Akshat Agarwal, Nicholas Wilson

UCLA Information Policy Lab (2023), 68 pp.

"This publication considers the range of policy changes that have been tried or recommended by global regulators, assessing their impacts on press freedom and news media sustainability, with consideration for the risk of capture, and other potential tradeoffs of these interventions. It examines four ... more

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Öffentliche Förderung journalistischer Informationsmedien in ausgewählten Ländern

Deutscher Bundestag (2021), 29 pp.

"Die Presse- und Medienförderung in den im Rahmen dieser Arbeit ausgewählten Ländern besteht aus vielfältigen Formen und Instrumenten. Angesichts der technischen Entwicklung und mit dieser einhergehenden Innovationen für den Bereich der Kommunikation, die auch mit neuen Anbietern auf digitalen ... more

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Public Funding of Private Media

Corinne Schweizer, Manuel Puppis, Matthias Künzler, Samuel Studer

London: LSE Media Policy Project (2014), 17 pp.

"As advertising revenues shift to non-journalistic platforms, news organizations face financial difficulties. To safeguard pluralism and editorial competition, alternative funding sources should be considered. Policymakers can support private media organizations with mechanisms such as tax relief or ... more

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State Aid for Newspapers: Theories, Cases, Actions

Paul Murschetz (ed.)

Heidelberg et al.: Springer (2013), xii, 402 pp.

"This book provides a comprehensive analysis of today’s global challenges in the print news media’s struggle for survival. It presents current practices concerning government subsidies to newspapers for political, economic, and socio-cultural purposes against the background of declining readersh ... more

Enabling a Sustainable News Environment: A Framework for Media Finance Legislation Top Insights

Creating National Funds to Support Journalism and Public-Interest Media Top Insights

Enabling a Sustainable News Environment: A Framework for Media Finance Legislation
Top Insights

Creating National Funds to Support Journalism and Public-Interest Media
Top Insights