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Safety of Journalists, Safety Risks of Media Workers
224
Harassment & Intimidation of Journalists
133
Journalists Dealing with Risks & Threats, Resilience & Wellbeing of Media Workers
85
Media Freedom, Press Freedom
74
Female Journalists & Media Workers
72
Self-Censorship
46
Conflict Reporting, Armed Conflict Reporting
35
Violence Against Journalists & Media Personnel
31
Working Conditions of Journalists & Media Personnel
30
Safety of Journalists: Law & Public Policies
25
Killings of Journalists & Media Personnel
21
COVID-19 Pandemic: Effects on Journalism, Media & Communication
19
Press Freedom & Communication Rights Violations
16
Impunity for Crimes Against Journalists & Media Personnel
12
Censorship
11
Surveillance, Surveillance Technologies, Spyware
10
Investigative Journalism
10
Crime & Violence Reporting
9
Journalism Education & Training
9
Media Law & Regulation
8
War Reporting
7
Gender-Based Harassment, Intimidation & Violence
7
COVID-19 Communication
7
Local Journalism
7
Election Reporting
7
Protests, Protest Movements, Protest Reporting & Media Representation
7
Media Landscapes, Media Systems, Media Situation in General
7
Authoritarian Regimes: Government Communication Strategies
6
Authoritarian Regimes: Media Systems & Landscapes
6
Cybersecurity, Digital Safety, Privacy, Right to Privacy
6
Legal Threats to Media Freedom
6
Foreign Correspondents
6
Journalists: Professional Identity & Values
6
Media Capture, Vested Political & Other Interests in the Media
6
Citizen Journalism, Community Journalism
5
Conflict Areas: Media Systems, Media Landscapes, Role of Media
5
Digital Journalism, Online Journalism
5
Freelance Journalists & Media Workers
5
Digital Activism, Cyber Advocacy
4
Media Assistance: Freedom of Expression & Safety of Journalists
4
Indirect Censorship, Soft Censorship
4
Extremism & Terrorism Reporting
4
Foreign Conflict Reporting, International War Reporting
4
Journalistic Social Media Use
4
Media Law & Regulation: International Standards & Practices
4
Russia: Foreign Information Operations, International Broadcasting, Public Diplomacy
4
Journalism
4
Editorial Independence
3
Government Communication Strategies
3
Russia-Ukraine War <2014-
3
Conflict-Sensitive & Peace Journalism
3
Cyberbullying, Cyberharassment
3
Social Media in Political Communication
3
Countering Defamation & Harassment
3
Journalism Ethics
3
Gender-Based Online Harassment & Sexual Threats
3
Journalism Education Curricula
3
Photojournalism
3
Media Assistance
3
Post-Socialist Media Systems & Landscapes
3
Populism
3
Corruption & Combating Corruption
3
Media Advocacy, Media Activism
2
Audience Feedback, Interaction & Participation
2
Authoritarian Regimes, Dictatorships
2
Independent & Oppositional Media in Authoritarian Regimes
2
Exile Journalism, Exile Media
2
Freedom of Expression
2
Media / Communication Control
2
Community Radios
2
Boko Haram
2
Transitional Justice Reporting
2
Trauma, Coping with Trauma, Trauma Therapy
2
Media Criticism
2
Countering Hate Speech, Disinformation & Propaganda
2
Accountability & Transparency of the Media
2
Bribery & Corruption in Journalism
2
Feminism & Communication
2
Indigenous Journalists & Communicators
2
Transnational Journalism Cooperation & News Exchange
2
Journalists
2
Stringers & Fixers (Journalism)
2
Media Reporting, Reporting on Journalism & Communication Issues
2
Political Reporting
2
Television Journalism
2
Local Communication & Media
2
Human Rights Protection
2
Human Rights Violations
2
Law Enforcement, Litigations, Legal Practice, Case Law, Jurisdiction
2
Caruana Galizia, Daphne (1964-2017)
2
Military
2
Police
2
Democracy / Democratization and Media
2
Opinion Leaders, Politicians, Decision Makers, Elites
2
Kompas (Newspaper, Indonesia)
2
Public Media, State Media
2
Islamist Communications & Media
2
Disappeared People, Missing People
2
Networks & Networking
2
Open Data
1
Civic Engagement, Citizen Participation, Civil Society & Media
1
Gender Advocacy & Empowerment, Gender Mainstreaming
1
Authoritarian Regimes: Transnational Repression
1
Election Campaigns
1
Catholic Media
1
Chilling Effects (Discouragement of Legitimate Exercise of Legal Rights)
1
Data Protection: Law & Regulation
1
Digital Media Censorship, Control & Filtering, Internet & Social Media Censorship
1
Freedom of Expression Lobbying & Communication Rights Campaigning
1
Censorship Circumvention Tools & Strategies
1
Internet Censorship Circumvention Tools & Strategies
1
State Influence on the Media
1
Crisis Communication
1
Government / State Advertising: Allocation Policies & Regulation
1
Military: Communication Strategies & Practices
1
Alternative Communication & Media
1
Conflicts: Victims' Perspectives
1
Terrorism
1
Iraq War (2003)
1
Dealing With the Past
1
Discourse & Discourse Analysis
1
Theatre
1
Digital Media Startups
1
Online Magazines & Newspapers
1
Social Media
1
Democratization & Digital Media / Social Media
1
Trolling (Social Media)
1
Digitalisation, Online Communication & Democracy / Democratization
1
Minority Journalists
1
Religious Minorities & Media
1
Humanitarian Law
1
Conspiracy Narratives, Conspiracy Theories
1
Foreign Disinformation, Foreign Information Manipulation Operations, Foreign Propaganda
1
Health Disinformation & Misinformation
1
Identifying & Researching Disinformation
1
Media Ownership
1
Media Viability & Financial Sustainability
1
Political Economy of Media
1
Climate Change Communication, Climate Journalism
1
Environmental & Land Conflicts Reporting & Media Representation
1
Defamation: Effects on Victims
1
Defamation Law & Regulation
1
Objectivity & Veracity of Reporting
1
Bias in News Media
1
Self-Regulation of Media
1
Gender-Based Harassment, Intimidation & Violence: Media Representation & Reporting
1
Gender Discrimination, Gender Inequalities
1
Gender Representation & Stereotypes in the Media
1
Good Practice Examples
1
Health Journalism
1
History of Journalism
1
History of the Press
1
Foreign Countries: Reporting & Media Representation
1
Council of Europe
1
Associations & Networks of Journalists
1
International Federation of Journalists (IFJ)
1
Reporters Sans Frontièrs
1
Collaborative Journalism, Journalism Cooperation
1
Constructive Journalism, Solution-Oriented Journalism
1
Labour Market for Journalists
1
Newsroom Management
1
Corruption Reporting & Role of Media in Curbing Corruption
1
Service Journalism, Consumer Information, Lifestyle Journalism
1
Local Television
1
International Media Support (IMS) (Media Development NGO, Denmark)
1
Media Assistance: Journalists' Associations, Media Associations
1
Media & Communication Policies
1
Transition Countries: Media Systems & Media Landscapes
1
Transitional Justice
1
Forced Migration, Forced Displacement
1
Migration & Refugees Reporting & (Social) Media Representation
1
Khashoggi, Jamal (1958-2018)
1
Conflict & War Photography
1
Hindu Nationalism
1
Political Extremism
1
Right-Wing Extremism
1
Parliaments
1
Politics and Media
1
Influence of Media on Politics
1
Political Transition and Media
1
Fundamentalisms (Religious)
1
Crimes, Criminality, Organized Crime
1
Human Security
1
Sexual Violence & Abuse, Rape
1
Rohingya
1
Al-Jazeera
1
Theories of Communication & Media
1
Language
Document type
Countries / Regions
Authors & Publishers
Media focus
Publication Years
Methods applied
Journals
Output Type
Being a Woman-Journalist in a Polarized Context in Mozambique
"This chapter addresses the issue of harassment in the media space in Mozambique. In fact, the issue of harassment of women in the media is a complex and multifaceted problem that can manifest in many ways. One aspect of this issue is the representation of women in media. Women are often objectified
...
Digital Surveillance, Online and Offline Harassment, and Feminist Media Politics
"This chapter examines the digital surveillance and harassment experiences faced by female journalists in Zimbabwe in the 2023 pre-election period covering the year 2022 up to August 2023. The examination is based on interviews conducted with seven purposefully selected female reporters and editors
...
“When One Finger Picks Oil, It Reaches Others”: An Examination of Nigerian Journalists’ Perspective on Motivations for Online Harassment
African Journalism Studies, volume 44, issue 4 (2024), pp. 289-309
"Online harassment of journalists is increasingly becoming a global phenomenon. Many attempts have been made to investigate the prevalence of the phenomenon. Unfortunately, findings prove that online harassment of journalists is indeed on the rise. What is lacking, so far, in the literature is an in
...
“No One Is Going to Silence Me”: A Comparison of the Conditions for Press Freedom and Independent Journalism as a Prerequisite for Democracy in the United States, Sweden, and Egypt
"This chapter looks at the status of the freedom of the press, and the legal possibilities and obstacles that affect media’s ability to hold power to account and safeguard the principles of democracy. The legal environment in countries as diverse as the United States, Egypt, and Sweden differs gre
...
Patterns of Harassment in African Journalism
New York: Routledge (2024), xvii, 251 pp.
"Drawing from case studies from selected African countries, an international team of authors offer a broad insight into the state of harassment across the continent, while building new theoretical perspectives that are also context-specific. The chapters bring previous theories and research up to da
...
Insurgency in northeast Nigeria: Are journalists safe to report?
Journalism, volume 26, issue 6 (2024), pp. 1288-1306
"This article interrogates the effectiveness of the safety measures available for journalists in the challenging operational environment. The researchers conducted in-depth interviews with 16 journalists representing different organisations from the conflict-prone areas in northeast Nigeria. Finding
...
Coping with Hate: Exploring Indian Journalists’ Responses to Online Harassment
Journalism Practice, volume 18, issue 2 (2024), pp. 337-355
"In India, the ruling Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) employs a digital army of right-wing supporters to harass journalists who are critical of the party's Hindu-nationalist ideology. As a result, the country's press freedom rankings have significantly declined over the past decade. While scholars have
...
Journalists' Repression, Harassment and Attacks in Eswatini and Botswana
"Amid growing threats to journalists around the world, this study examines the nature of repression, harassment and attacks on full-time employed journalists and freelance writers in Eswatini. Given that harassment ranges from doxing, surveillance, religious prejudice, threats to harm family members
...
"Journalists play a crucial role in disseminating information and ensuring transparency in society. However, in many regions around the world, journalists face significant risks and threats to their safety, hindering their ability to fulfill their professional duties effectively. This article focuse
...
Switzerland: Mounting Pressure on Journalism in a Small Media System
In: Media Compass: A Companion to International Media Landscapes
Hoboken, NJ: Wiley (2024), pp. 150-160
"The press in Switzerland is mainly characterized by external pluralism, with more or less clearly aligned political positions in the case of some news outlets. In line with Hallin and Mancini's model, the public service media plays a significant role in Switzerland. Besides the public service media
...
Journalists and Exposure to Trauma: Exploring Perceptions of PTSD and Resilience Among Pakistan’s Conflict Reporters
Journalism Practice (2024), [no pag.]
"The study attempts to understand how Pakistani journalists perceive Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) and resilience in the wake of covering traumatic events. Qualitative interviews of 32 Pakistani journalists were conducted who had covered military operations against militants. The findings in
...
Media and Politics in Post-Authoritarian Mexico: The Continuing Struggle for Democracy
Cham: Palgrave Macmillan (2024), xiii, 286 pp.
"This volume presents an analytical and empirical overview of the array of issues that the Mexican media faces in the post-authoritarian age, which jointly explains how a partially accomplished democracy, its authoritarian inertias, and its unintended consequences hinder the democratic performance o
...
Effectiveness of art therapy in reducing post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms and the propensity to quit journalism among journalists covering banditry activities in Nigeria
Media, War & Conflict, volume 17, issue 4 (2024), pp. 445-462
"The goal of this study was to examine the efficacy of art therapy in the treatment of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) and the propensity to quit journalism among Nigerian journalists covering banditry attacks. The researchers utilized a quasi-experiment as the design for the study and sampled
...
Journalists' safety before the 2024 elections
Tbilisi: Center for Media Information and Social Research; DW Akademie (2024), 21 pp.
Le journalisme sénégalais a la croisée des chemins
Paris: Reporters Sans Frontières (2024), 27 pp.
Unraveling the Digital Threat: Exploring the Impact of Online Harassment on South Korean Journalists’ Professional Roles
Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, volume 101, issue 2 (2024), pp. 529-551
"This research examines whether and to what extent journalists are harassed online and the effects of online harassment on their professional roles. The study classifies online harassment against journalists into five types: insults, threats, privacy intrusion, sexual assault, and cyber-hacking. The
...
Protection mechanisms in Latin America: How to stregnthen the fragile shield protecting journalists
Paris: Reporters Without Borders (2024), 13 pp.
"Ensuring a safe environment for journalists continues to be a major challenge for Latin America’s democracies. At least 338 journalists have been killed in the region since 2000. These deaths have been compounded by waves of harassment, arbitrary arrests and judicial persecution, which have force
...
Safety, reactions, and organizational support: Estonian journalists' experiences with hostility
In: Global Journalism in Comparative Perspective: Case Studies
London; New York: Routledge (2024), pp. 40-52
"This chapter concludes multiyear research on journalists’ safety and well-being in Estonia and focuses on summarizing journalist experiences with and reactions to hostility. In addition to categorizing and describing the problems, the chapter also provides insight into what journalists expect fro
...
Infrastructural platform violence: How women and queer journalists and activists in Lebanon experience abuse on WhatsApp
New Media & Society (2024), 20 pp.
"Technology-facilitated abuse and violence disproportionately affect marginalized people. While researchers have explored this issue in the context of public-facing social media platforms, less is known about how it plays out on more private messaging apps. This study draws on in-depth interviews wi
...
