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In the Service of Power: Media Capture and the Threat to Democracy
Deep Insights

Anya Schiffrin (ed.)

Washington, DC: Center for International Media Assistance (CIMA) (2017), 162 pp.

"In this volume of essays edited by Anya Schiffrin, media capture is shown to be a growing phenomenon linked both to the resurgence of authoritarian governments as well as to the structural weaknesses presently afflicting media markets. In this environment, political figures and economic elites are ... more

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Unshackling Expression: A Study on Laws Criminalising Expression Online in Asia

Association for Progressive Communications (APC) (2017), 141 pp.

"In this special edition of GISWatch, Unshackling Expression, APC brings together analysis on the criminalisation of online expression from six Asian states: Cambodia, India, Malaysia, Myanmar, Pakistan and Thailand. While the report mostly focuses on criminalisation, curbs placed on expression usin ... more

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Information Needs Assessment: Cox’s Bazar - Bangladesh

Anahi Ayala Iacucci, Rafiq Copeland, Zain Mahmood, Alison Campbell, Brian Hanley, Phyza Jameel

Arcata, Calif.; London: Internews (2017), 56 pp.

"There is no accessible media in the Rohingya language, leaving the Rohingya population of well over a million, now spread between Myanmar and Bangladesh, reliant on information only available in languages other than their own [...] This assessment, conducted in the Cox’s Bazar region of Banglades ... more

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Freedom on the Net 2016. Silencing the Messenger: Communication Apps Under Pressure
Deep Insights

Sanja Kelly, Mai Truong, Adrian Shahbaz, Madeline Earp (eds.)

Washington, DC; New York: Freedom House (2016), 1021 pp.

"Internet freedom has declined for the sixth consecutive year, with more governments than ever before targeting social media and communication apps as a means of halting the rapid dissemination of information, particularly during antigovernment protests. Public-facing social media platforms like Fac ... more

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Anticipating the Struggle against Everyday Impunity in Myanmar through Accounts from Bangladesh and Thailand

Nick Cheesman, Bina D'Costa, T. Haberkorn

Asia & The Pacific Policy Studies, volume 3, issue 1 (2016), pp. 48-61

"Work done internationally to address impunity concentrates on removing blanket amnesties and establishing commissions of inquiry into past atrocities. Everyday impunity—the impossibility of bringing state officers to account for routinized violent crimes against other individuals—gets less atte ... more

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Gender in the Myanmar Media Landscape. Full Report: Yangon, Kayin, Saggaing, Shan and Across Myanmar

Dilrukshi Handunnetti, Nang Phyu Phyu Lin

Stockholm: Fojo Media Institute (2016), 32 pp.

"The Myanmar media industry reflects global trends to the extent that women are strongly represented in newsrooms in terms of numbers but media institutions remain significantly male-dominated at the decision making level. Safety is a major concern for women media professionals within the workplace ... more

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Myanmar Community Media Start-up Strategy: Building Blocks for a Sustainable Beginning of Community Media in Myanmar

UNDP Myanmar; Empowerhouse (2016), 23 pp.

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Desecrating Expression: An Account of Freedom of Expression and Religion in Asia

Gayatri Khandhadai

Bytes for All; Asian Forum for Human Rights & Development; Global Partners Digital (2016), 80 pp.

"This report outlines the international human rights standards and processes related the protection of freedom of expression and religious belief, and discusses regional trends and challenges. The nine country case studies include the stories of many people across the region struggling to defend fre ... more

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Thirty Rising Media Markets 2016

Anne Austin, Jonathan Barnard, Nicola Hutcheon

London: ZenithOptimedia (2016), 51 pp.

"The markets we do include are a very diverse bunch, from the very closed and politically tightly controlled such as Laos; through a large number of nations on the African continent which have seen a sudden improvement in digital infrastructure thanks to the landing of several new submarine intercon ... more

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Focus: New Media

ASEAS - Austrian Journal of South-East Asian Studies, volume 9, issue 2 (2016), pp. 187-318

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"They Can Arrest You at Any Time": The Criminalization of Peaceful Expression in Burma

Linda Lakhdhir et al.

Human Rights Watch (2016), 87 pp.

"Focusing largely on the period since retired general Thein Sein assumed the presidency in 2011, the report provides an in-depth analysis of the Peaceful Assembly and Peaceful Processions Act, the Telecommunications Act, the News Media Law, the Electronic Transactions Act, and various Penal Code pro ... more

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Mobile Media, Political Participation, and Civic Activism in Asia: Private Chat to Public Communication

Ran Wei (ed.)

Dordrecht: Springer (2016), xv, 236 pp.

"This book explores how personalized content and the inherent networked nature of the mobile media could and do lead to positive externalities in social progress in Asian societies. Empirical studies that examine uses of the mobile phone and apps (voice mailing, SMS, mobile social media, mobile Weib ... more

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Burmese Media in Transition

Lisa Brooten

International Journal of Communication, volume 10 (2016), pp. 182-199

"This article offers an assessment of media and their role in the ongoing political transition in Myanmar, and an overview of lessons learned from other countries undergoing transition. It demonstrates how media function in this process as active agents of stability, restraint, change, or all three, ... more

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Assessment of Media Development in Myanmar: Based on UNESCO’s Media Development Indicators

Bangkok; Copenhagen: UNESCO; International Media Support (IMS) (2016), xxvii, 132 pp.

"Myanmar should sign and ratify international treaties which pertain to freedom of expression, including the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, the (first) Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights and the International Convention on the Elimina ... more

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Asian Comics

John A. Lent

Jackson: University Press of Mississippi (2015), x, 342 pp.

"As only Japanese comics output has received close and by now voluminous scrutiny, Asian Comics tells the story of the major comics creators outside of Japan. Lent covers the nations and regions of Bangladesh, Cambodia, China, Hong Kong, India, Indonesia, Korea, Malaysia, Myanmar, Nepal, the Philipp ... more

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Community Information Flows to Reduce Inter-Communal Violence in Burma

Emily Speers Mears et al.

Search for Common Ground (2015), 71 pp.

"The research presented in this report aims to contribute towards a better understanding of the way in which rumors, hate speech, and manipulated information contribute to inter-communal conflict and outbreaks of inter-communal violence in Myanmar. It focuses on Muslim-Buddhist inter-communal confli ... ct in one urban and one peri-urban area: Lashio, the largest town in Shan state, and Amarapura, a former capital on the outskirts of Mandalay [...] People in Lashio and Amarapura draw upon a wide range of sources for information and news. They mainly obtain information by word of mouth from friends, colleagues, people who travel for their work, and figures of authority. They share this information by phone and online messaging services, and in markets, teashops and pagodas, as well as other places where people gather such as bus stations. Certain individuals in the community are regarded as trustworthy sources of information including religious leaders, teachers, bosses, government officials, and community leaders. Many people also have access to news applications on Facebook, and/or read journals and newspapers, listen to the radio, and watch TV in order to find out about news that affects them. People report a high level of skepticism about the news that they hear, particularly from sources like Facebook and government newspapers. They analyze not only the information itself but also the source of that information, and check whether it is accurate with people who live in the affected area, or by going to see for themselves. Family members or trusted community members are also consulted to verify or analyze news and information. Respondents also claim to try to verify information by checking different news sources. The more they can cross-reference, the more confident they are that the information is accurate. [...] The causes of inter-religious inter-communal conflict in Myanmar are not well understood. There is a long history of Muslim settlement in Myanmar, and of peaceful relations between Muslims and Buddhists. This changed with the arrival of the British, whose colonial policies brought an influx of Indians, including Muslims, to Myanmar. Specifically anti-Muslim (rather than anti-Indian) tensions first came to a head in 1938; however an inquiry into the anti-Muslim riots of that time found that while the riots had religious anti-Muslim undertones, the real causes were political, economic and social. There have been irregular outbreaks of anti-Muslim violence in subsequent decades, but unfortunately few detailed investigations or analyses of their causes, due to the difficulty of conducting research under the socialist and military governments, and to the sensitivity of the issue. This difficulty persists to the present. [...] Both Muslims and Buddhists are worried about religious violence, and the impact that it might have on the economy. However, most people in Lashio are probably more immediately worried about the fighting between the Tatmadaw and the ethnic armed groups that is taking place outside of Lashio, which has negative effect on the economy, on their livelihoods, and on their feelings of security, due to the numbers of internally displaced persons (IDPs) who have sought safety in Lashio. Ethnic groups in Lashio are concerned that the religious conflict will also have an impact on ethnic relations, due to the different religions amongst the ethnic groups. In Lashio, there is also a high level of anti-Chinese sentiment on the part of the Bamar and other ethnic groups. [...] The large amount of rumors about Muslims and about Muslim-Buddhist conflict that we heard in Lashio and Amarapura suggest that people are concerned about this conflict. Negative rumors contribute to the background levels of hatred and distrust of Muslims and serve to manifest tensions between the two communities. This kind of background hatred and distrust may not in itself result in violence. But it means that Buddhists and Muslims in these areas do not mix, and fosters an environment of suspicion and hostility, creating an enabling environment for violence. However, on their own, rumors are not sufficient to trigger violence. For every example of a situation where (true or false) rumors have triggered violence, there is an example where rumors have not triggered violence. Other factors – harder to identify – contribute to outbreaks of violence, and to the underlying conflict. It is essential that these factors be understood if the root causes of inter-communal conflict are to be addressed. KEY RECOMMENDATIONS With this analysis in mind, the following recommendations are provided: recognize the important role that word-of-mouth communication plays in the ways that rumors are spread; recognize and understand the nuances in each local context, in order to develop a deeper understanding of why people feel insecure, as well as to identify root causes of the conflict; mitigate the background levels of anti-Muslim hate speech, by engaging with the genuine Buddhist concerns that are expressed through hate speech; and strengthen community resilience to potential ‘trigger’ rumors – and recognize and strengthen existing efforts to combat these rumors." (Executive summary, page 3-7) more

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Community Information Flows to Reduce Inter-Comunal Violence in Burma

Emily Speers Mears

Search for Common Ground (2015), 71 pp.

Google Scholar (78)

WorldCat (71)

Standards of Journalism Education: An International Comparative Study in the Context of Media and Development

Christoph Schmidt (ed.)

Leipzig; Bonn: Vistas; Deutsche Welle DW Akademie (2015), 265 pp.

"Training and educating of journalists around the world with the aim of enhancing free and independent media has been a major field of media development cooperation for decades. Nevertheless, the state of scientific research in this area remains limited, specifically with regard to the status quo of ... more

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Unfinished Freedom: A Blueprint for the Future of Free Expression in Myanmar

PEN American Center (2015), 46 pp.

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Censored Gender: Women’s Right to Freedom of Expression and Information in Myanmar

Yin Yadanar Thein et al.

London: Article 19 (2015), 91 pp.

In the Service of Power: Media Capture and the Threat to Democracy Deep Insights

Freedom on the Net 2016. Silencing the Messenger: Communication Apps Under Pressure Deep Insights

In the Service of Power: Media Capture and the Threat to Democracy
Deep Insights

Freedom on the Net 2016. Silencing the Messenger: Communication Apps Under Pressure
Deep Insights