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Online Intimidation: Controlling the Narrative in the Balkans. Annual Digital Rights Report 2021

Balkan Investigative Reporting Network (BIRN) (2021), 64 pp.

"From August 2020 until August this summer, we recorded almost 800 cases of digital rights violations in eight countries of south-eastern Europe: Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Hungary, Kosovo, Montenegro, North Macedonia, Romania and Serbia. Violations took place not just on TikTok, but also on F ... more

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Google Scholar (198)

WorldCat (180)

Up in the Air? The Future of Public Service Media in the Western Balkans

Tarik Jusic, Manuel Puppis, Laia Castro Herrero, Davor Marko (eds.)

Central European University Press (2021), vi, 300 pp.

"The agenda for transition after the demise of communism in the Western Balkans made the conversion of state radio and television into public service broadcasters a priority, converting mouthpieces of the regime into public forums in which various interests and standpoints could be shared and delibe ... more

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Mapping the Media Landscape in Serbia 2020-2021

CRTA (2021), 25 pp.

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The Invisible Hand of Media Censorship in the Balkans: The Examples of Bulgaria, Serbia and North Macedonia

Brussels: Balkan Free Media Initiative (BFMI) (2021), 57 pp.

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Digital Ecosystem Country Assessment (DECA): Serbia

Raiyan Kabir, Susannah Horton, Craig Jolley, Brennan Ireland, Mikael Baker

USAID, Digital Frontiers Project (2021), 58 pp.

"The Serbian government prioritizes digitalization. Serbia’s digital transformation accelerated in 2017 with the government’s focus on building a digital government, or “digitalization” as defined by Serbians, and Serbia’s participation in the Digital Agenda for the Western Balkans. As one ... more

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Media Freedom in the Western Balkans

Valeska Esch, Viktoria Palm (eds.)

Aspen Insitute Germany (2021), 45 pp.

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Vibrant Information Barometer: Europe & Eurasia

Washington, DC: IREX (2021), 219 pp.

"The 2021 Europe & Eurasia Vibrant Information Barometer (VIBE) publication stands on the shoulders of IREX’s almost 20 years of the Media Sustainability Index (MSI), which was last published in 2019. Through VIBE, IREX aims to capture a modern era where many people around the world are simultaneo ... more

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Report: Media Perception Index (MPI)

Bojan Klacar, Ivo Colovic, Emilija Orestijevic, Sladana Komatina et al.

USAID; Center for Free Elections and Democracy (2021), 76 pp.

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Production and Distribution of Youth Oriented Content in Serbia: Professional and Ethical Standards

Stefan Janjic

Belgrade: Media Diversity Institute; OSCE (2021), 58 pp.

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Independent Journalism in Contexts of Shrinking Civic Space: Challenges and Strategies of Media Resisting Shrinking Civic Space in Europe
Deep Insights

Tim Schoot Uiterkamp (ed.)

Amsterdam: Free Press Unlimited (2021), 51 pp.

"In this study, we explore the challenges and strategies of independent media outlets in contexts of shrinking civic space. To this end, we present five case studies on a specific media outlets. These describe the overall political context for the media, the specific challenges that the respective m ... more

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Polarized Media – Polarized Audience

Jelena Jovovic, Dubravka Valic Nedeljkovic

Ljubljana: South East European Network for Professionalization of Media (SEENPM) (2021), 30 pp.

"A significant number of the surveyed citizens consider the media in Serbia under the control of political groups at both ends of the spectrum. At the same time, many of the surveyed citizens think that the media is free to collect and publish information on all the relevant issues. These findings r ... more

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The COVID-19 Story: Unmasking China's Global Strategy

Louisa Lim, Julia Bergin, Johan Lidberg

International Federation of Journalists (IFJ) (2021), 7 pp.

"China has used Covid to benefit its global image through the activation of existing media dissemination channels overseas and the use of new tactics such as disinformation and misinformation. China’s largescale medical diplomacy campaign has also provided propaganda wins in many developing countr ... ies, burnishing Beijing’s image as a reliable partner. Anecdotal reports indicate that Beijing has stepped up its content offerings, in particular by tailoring content including disinformation for specific countries and translating state-run messages into local languages. In some countries, China was also seen as the purveyor of the most accurate information about the new coronavirus, showing its growing influence over global narratives. For Beijing, Covid diplomacy clearly offers another means through which it can exert its influence. This research shows that countries that are recipients of China’s Covid vaccine clearly have more positive coverage of China, but it cannot draw conclusions as to the factors behind that. This strategy has largely been acceptable to global journalists, who — judging by the results of our focus groups in three separate countries — do not perceive China’s advances as a threat at a national level. Such views are in part due to the incremental nature of the changes, the clumsiness of China’s propaganda effort and the irrelevance of much of the material provided to local audiences. However, the survey does reveal that when viewed globally, there does appear to be more concern about China’s influence, in particular in the Asia Pacific region. The survey indicates that the overall impact of Beijing’s outreach is a redrawing of the global media landscape — one story at a time, one country at a time — shifting the China coverage in a more positive direction. China is using a multi-pronged approach to redraw the information landscape to benefit its own global image. In 2020, Beijing effectively shut down journalistic access to China, through visa denials and freezes, partly driven by international border closures. This had the effect of creating a vacuum in China coverage, creating a demand for stories from China, which could then be filled with statesponsored content already available through content-sharing agreements." (Conclusions, page 7) more

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A Lockdown for Independent Media? Effects of the COVID-19 Pandemic on the Media Landscape and Press Freedom in Central and Southeast Europe

Maxim Edwards (ed.)

Budapest: Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung (FES); N-ost Netzwerk für Osteuropa-Berichterstattung (2020), 37 pp.

"Correspondents in nine countries – Poland, the Czech Republic, Hungary, Slovenia, Croatia, Serbia, Romania, Bulgaria, and North Macedonia – have analysed how the pandemic has affected to their work environment. Lockdowns have caused print media sales and advertising revenue to collapse. Media w ... more

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Whose Fingerprint Does the News Show? Developing Machine Learning Classifiers for Automatically Identifying Russian State-Funded News in Serbia

Ognjan Denkovski, Damian Trilling

International Journal of Communication, volume 14 (2020), pp. 4428-4452

"Democratic nations around the globe are facing increasing levels of false and misleading information circulating on social media and news websites, propagating alternative sociopolitical realities. One of the most innovative actors in this process has been the Russian state, whose disinformation ca ... more

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Freedom of Expression in Times of Covid-19: Chilling Effect in Hungary and Serbia

Kristina Cendic, Gergely Gosztonyi

Journal of Liberty and International Affairs, volume 6, issue 2 (2020), pp. 14-29

"New technologies have opened several risks to safety of journalists. More importantly, in the state of emergency caused by the Covid-19 outbreak, journalists and media actors have shifted their activities online more than ever, which also made them more prone to digital threats and attacks. In some ... more

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Trends in the Business of Misinformation in Six Eastern European Countries: An Overview
Deep Insights

Judit Szakács

Budapest: Center for Media, Data and Society (CMDS) (2020), 11 pp.

"All six reports find that misinformation is prevalent, yet the channels used for distribution of such content are somewhat different. The misinformation landscape in Serbia, for example, is dominated by mainstream media outlets. Small misinformation websites simply cannot compete with “misinforma ... more

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Media Incubator for the Western Balkans Pilot Project: Evaluation Report

Ivana Kahrmann

Free Press Unlimited (2020), 67 pp.

"FPU’s implementation approach emphasizes the value of forming true partnerships with local implementers to co-develop project plans and build capacity. This approach led to FPU being perceived by its partners as a refreshingly different type of partner that takes a novel approach in its project i ... mplementation. By helping its partners to better understand their audiences and to identify common niches that outlets could fill, FPU motivated its local partners to embrace innovation and change even in such a short time frame. The Media Incubator’s focus on increasing media outlets interaction with their audiences and encouraging citizen engagement is unique and fills an important gap not addressed by the interventions of other donors and international and local NGOs in Serbia and Kosovo. As such, FPU should attempt to build on this pilot with a larger-scale project. The project was highly relevant from the needs’ perspective, even though each of the partners had different capacity levels, profiles and potential target audience sizes. Local partners also used a variety of platforms to communicate to their target groups, thus comprising a good testing sample for the MIWB pilot project through which a variety of lessons learned could be drawn. Once a framework was agreed and put into place with each partner, FPU encouraged partners to innovate and experiment as much as they deemed necessary throughout project implementation in order to best attain their intended project goals. However, there proved to be both strengths and weaknesses in employing this “flexible” project implementation approach, because not all partners perceived it in the same way. Some partners perceived this flexibility as freedom to significantly change project activities and target audiences which, ultimately, reduced the level of effectiveness and impact. There were clearly different levels of progress made by the different partners, with Local Press Association having made the most progress; Kosovo 2.0 having made more limited progress and Novi Sad School of Journalism making the least visible overall progress. There was also a significant difference in quality of performance and results delivered by partners which had external consultant throughout the project implementation process and the partners which did not. There were no negative project results registered, but some risks and unforeseen challenges (COVID-19 pandemic) negatively affected the overall anticipated achievements of MIWB project results. The partnerships formed with a media association and individual media outlets had larger target audiences and attained more visible and tangible results than the partnership that was made with an educational institution. The transformative impact on individual and organisational capacity became apparent through anecdotal evidence and information gathered through interviews for this evaluation." (Executive summary, pages 4-5) more

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Mapping Fake News and Disinformation in the Western Balkans and Identifying Ways to Effectively Counter Them

Samuel Greene, Gregory Asmolov, Adam Fagan, Ofer Fridman, Borjan Gjuzelov

European Parliament, Directorate General for External Policies of the Union (2020), 101 pp.

"Disinformation is an endemic and ubiquitous part of politics throughout the Western Balkans, without exception. A mapping of the disinformation and counter-dis in for mation landscapes in the region in the period from 2018 through 2020 reveals three key disinformation challenges: external challenge ... more

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Gender and the Media in the Western Balkans

Huma Haider

Brighton, UK: Institute of Development Studies (IDS) (2020), 42 pp.

"This rapid literature review explores the role that media in the Western Balkans plays in issues of gender (in)equality. The countries discussed are Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH), Croatia, Kosovo, North Macedonia, Montenegro, Serbia [...] While there is a body of literature that discusses a ... more

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WorldCat (135)

Media Framing of Human Trafficking for Sexual Exploitation: A Study of British, Dutch and Serbian Media

Elena Krsmanovic

Utrecht: Eleven International Publishing (2020), xiii, 246 pp.

"This books critically explores media framing of human trafficking for sexual exploitation in UK, Dutch and Serbian media. It draws upon data from content analysis of online news reports and interviews with journalists and anti-trafficking professionals in order to further explore the framing of tra ... more

Independent Journalism in Contexts of Shrinking Civic Space: Challenges and Strategies of Media Resisting Shrinking Civic Space in Europe Deep Insights

Trends in the Business of Misinformation in Six Eastern European Countries: An Overview Deep Insights

Independent Journalism in Contexts of Shrinking Civic Space: Challenges and Strategies of Media Resisting Shrinking Civic Space in Europe
Deep Insights

Trends in the Business of Misinformation in Six Eastern European Countries: An Overview
Deep Insights