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Understanding Homeless Media: A Study on Social Media Based Informal Local News in Five Indonesian Cities

Geger Riyanto et al.

Remotivi; Internews (2024), 107 pp.

"Homeless media refers to news outlets that initially distributed information solely through social media, with the majority of them now based on Instagram. Nowadays, as our findings suggest, homeless media outlets have emerged as an important source of local news, referred to for their quick update ... and locally relevant content. Using content analysis of their news, interviews with homeless media founders and personnel, and discussions with media audiences, this study attempts to understand their emergence and dynamics, how they are positioned among other actors in the contemporary Indonesian media landscape, and their prospects and issues. [...] The following are the main findings of this study: • Homeless media outlets are mostly run informally, with only a few employees. Only one from nine we interviewed is registered as a media entity, and that was only after years of operation. There are two homeless media outlets that are only managed by one person. Others are mostly managed by two to five people. They may hire more on occasion if they need to create higher-quality content, such as endorsements. • Four homeless media outlets we interviewed began as something entirely different, such as hobby, community, or paid Instagram promotion pages. They changed course after noticing increased engagement by providing local news, as well as citizens voluntarily sending them newsworthy incidents to be published. • As the majority of homeless media outlets are not legally registered as a media entity, this raises concerns about governance among government officials and journalists. However, our homeless media interlocutors stated that they have implemented an internal code of conduct, particularly in terms of filtering misinformation. • The informality of homeless media outlets provides them with advantageous flexibility, allowing them to respond to audience submissions or circulating internet content while making quick decisions about what content to publish. • The most engaging content on homeless media is related to crime, followed by city facts, eccentric citizen behavior, city romantization, commotion among citizens, and accidents; however, they most frequently post about shopping/service recommendations, government policies, crime, culinary recommendations, and city facts. • Homeless media outlets provide impressively specific and local news to their audiences immediately after it occurs, thanks to audience submissions and the circulating local social media content. They function as an effective local information hub. • Nonetheless, because homeless media outlets rely on social media as a publishing platform and distribution channel, losing their accounts, whether due to a social media ban or hacking, can pose a significant risk to their operations. Our interlocutors have no plans to mitigate the risk. This happened to another account managed by @merapi_uncover personnel, and they were unable to do anything about it. • Many of our audience interlocutors admit to being first exposed to local news through homeless media, and they actively use homeless media outlets to learn about recent events in their community, such as incidents they witnessed or traffic jams. • Homeless media’s most engaging content—city facts and romantization—evokes a sense of connection between the audience and their city. • Although not all, homeless media outlets may become participatory spaces, with citizens using them to draw attention to incidents or public issues, or to respond to other posts. [...]" (Executive summary, pages 3-5) more

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Libro blanco del audiovisual comunitario en Chile

Chiara Sáez, Jorge Avilés

Santiago de Chile: Universidad de Chile, Facultad de Comunicación e Imagen (2024), 285 pp.

"En la actualidad el sector se encuentra en una fase clave de su proceso de crecimiento y fortalecimiento. Cuenta con una asociación en interlocución con el Estado y con el Gobierno, por medio de distintos ministerios y organismos públicos. Sin embargo, esta no es una relación fácil. Está vinc ... ulada con la pregunta por la autonomía y la independencia; sobre cómo asegurar estos valores y principios sin renunciar a hacer efectiva la responsabilidad del Estado con respecto a asegurar la existencia y sostenibilidad en el tiempo de la comunicación comunitaria como parte de la diversidad del ecosistema de medios: la importancia de definir criterios y reglas del juego claras para esta relación, que no dependan de los gobiernos de turno, sino que sean parte de una política de Estado. Esta relación también incluye conocer cuál es la comprensión y la concepción de la comunicación comunitaria por parte de distintos agentes de poder en la sociedad. Esto incluye la pregunta por cuánto vale la vida de las y los comunicadores comunitarios y qué hace el Estado y sus instituciones por el resguardo de los derechos comunicativos de estos medios y de sus integrantes. En el sentido de la sostenibilidad social y organizacional, es muy relevante el rol que ocupa el lenguaje audiovisual como herramienta de representación y participación de las comunidades de referencia en los proyectos actuales y futuros. Solo una concepción colectiva y abierta de la producción audiovisual es la que conduce a la legitimidad de los proyectos en su entorno de desarrollo. Este ha sido uno de los temas centrales de este libro y los hallazgos dejan varias preguntas abiertas sobre cómo seguir profundizando en él. Una de ellas relativa a aquello que se asume tácitamente como parte de los temas, actores y espacios que los medios comunitarios tienen que cubrir o que tienen que ser representados en sus pantallas o micrófonos: ¿qué se deja fuera y por qué? ¿por decisión de quién? En el fondo, ¿cuánto sabemos de los públicos de las televisiones comunitarias, del público que los sigue y retroalimenta, pero también de aquellos que siendo parte de los espacios geográficos de referencia no se sienten representados ni consideran que este sea un espacio legítimo para amplificar su voz? Otra pregunta desde la perspectiva del lenguaje es aquella sobre la verdad y la manipulación: ¿es posible reconstruir la realidad mediante relatos, sean del tipo de que sean? La experiencia formativa llevada a cabo nos permite concluir que la pregunta por la verdad debe ser comprendida más bien como una pregunta por la veracidad, cuya construcción debe hacerse en base a al menos dos pilares: la honestidad y la construcción colectiva o intersubjetiva, tanto en la elaboración del relato como en el proceso: las personas que participan de un canal elaboran los mensajes desde su propia experiencia y valores, eso no se puede evitar, pero es importante que aquello que se relata se haga desde una posición lo más transparente posible y no dar nada por supuesto, que es una de las debilidades que encontramos y que se expresa, por ejemplo, en la ausencia de documentos o textos explícitos sobre las orientaciones programáticas o la línea editorial de cada medio." (Conclusiones, pp. 269-271) more

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Recommendations for strengthening communication and community engagement in the Libya floods response

London: CDAC Network (2024), 7 pp.

"This bulletin summarises the key findings and recommendations for strengthening collective efforts on communication and community engagement in the Libya floods response. The findings are drawn from a qualitative consultation with more than 30 representatives from the humanitarian community conduct ... more

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The emergence of artificial intelligence ethics auditing

Daniel S. Schiff, Stephanie Kelley, Javier Camacho Ibáñez

Big Data & Society, issue October–December (2024), 16 pp.

"The emerging ecosystem of artificial intelligence (AI) ethics and governance auditing has grown rapidly in recent years in anticipation of impending regulatory efforts that encourage both internal and external auditing. Yet, there is limited understanding of this evolving landscape. We conduct an i ... more

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The Global Faith and Entertainment Study: A Study of Attitudes and Perceptions Regarding Faith and Religion in Entertainment

HarrisX; Faith & Media Initiative (2024), 25 pp.

"The study seeks to understand consumers’ and decisionmakers’ perspectives on how current entertainment media treats themes of faith, religion and spirituality in its narratives and characters, if there is a market for more accurate and diverse representation of faith, and what opportunities exi ... more

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Aid and the news agenda: Examining the forces shaping NGO-produced humanitarian media

Michael Sunderland

Bournemouth University, Doctoral Thesis (2024), 268 pp.

"This study examines the external influences that shape NGO-produced news content concerning humanitarian crises in East, West and Central Africa. Employing a thematic analysis of semi-structured in-depth interviews with humanitarian communicators and a content analysis of the humanitarian press rel ... eases of four major NGOs, it seeks to establish the types of content NGO communications staff consider most effective for achieving mainstream media coverage, how they access such content, and any forces influencing their eventual production of news. In line with notions of media logic (Altheide and Snow 1979; Cottle and Nolan 2007) and news cloning (Fenton 2010), it uncovers a reliance on hard-hitting humanitarian statistics and powerful first-person testimonies, which are considered essential for achieving news coverage. Statistics are found to be most often sourced from publicly available humanitarian datasets, often managed by the United Nations, and are considered susceptible to politicisation by authorities implicated in certain crises. First-person testimonies are usually gathered in-person by NGO staff and are affected by issues of physical access to crisis zones including monitoring by local authorities and demands for media sign-off. Additionally, a humanitarian NGO’s decision on whether to speak out publicly about a crisis is found to be often weighed up against threats to staff and programme safety. Examining these issues through a lens of agenda building theory (Cobb and Elder 1971), this study introduces the concept of agenda erosion, describing the phenomenon by which powerful actors, including host authorities and western governmental and intergovernmental donors, exert influence to undermine agenda building activities by NGOs in the context of humanitarian crises. Methods of agenda erosion might include demanding sign-off of media content, the control of physical access to crisis zones for communications staff, and the politicisation of humanitarian data. Unlike the traditional view of NGOs being producers of information subsidies (Gandy 1982), this concept recognises that, as news producers, NGOs also accept information subsidies, including humanitarian data, from other actors. These subsidies are used by NGOs to increase their own agenda building effectiveness but can also allow other, potentially conflicting, priorities to influence the media agenda too. NGOs are now widely regarded as important players in the production of international news (Cottle and Nolan, 2007; Cooper, 2011; Powers 2018) and these findings suggest agenda erosion is in-part responsible for the continuing adherence of aid organisations to established patterns of news construction (Cottle & Nolan 2007; Fenton 2010; Waisbord 2011; Powers 2018). Only crises with hard-hitting data or emotive personal stories are likely to achieve mainstream media coverage but exposure to such sources is often closely guarded by the most powerful actors in certain crises. As a result, some crises continue to go underreported and NGOs risk being silenced or, worse, used as proxy mouthpieces by powers implicated in the humanitarian context to which they are attempting to respond." (Abstract) more

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Experientially simulated others: Finding social support for mental health in digital games

Jeff Nicklas

Information, Communication & Society (2024), 17 pp.

"People with mental illness struggle to find connection and community due to a combination of stigma, social isolation, and adverse social experiences. Digital games, as an immersive and interactive media, can convey aspects of mental health experiences in thoughtful ways. I considered how players c ... more

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Fairwork Chile Ratings 2024: Labour Standards in the Platform Economy.

Santiago; Oxford: Fairwork (2024), 35 pp.

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Dealing with the Black Box: European Journalists and the Threats of Spyware

Philip Di Salvo

Digital Journalism (2024), 20 pp.

"Revelations from the 2021 “Pegasus Project” investigation into the use of spyware have confirmed long-held concerns about the proliferation of the technology as a surveillance solution to monitor the activities of journalists around the world. Spyware is a particularly malicious form of malware ... more

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De la "Guerrillera del dial" al audiovisual insurgente: Testimonios sobre el rol de la comunicación dentro de las FARC-EP

Luciana Lavila

In: Comunicación popular y alternativa: una revisión dialogada

Claudia Villamayor, Natalia Vinelli (eds.)

Buenos Aires: Mil Campanas (2023), pp. 107-138

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Fairwork Morocco Ratings 2023: Assessing Working Conditions in the Moroccan Platform Economy

Oxford; Berlin: Fairwork (2023), 35 pp.

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Documentary Storytelling: Creative Nonfiction on Screen

Sheila Curran Bernard

New York; London: Routledge, 5th ed. (2023), xix, 373 pp.

"For nearly two decades, Documentary Storytelling has reached filmmakers and filmgoers worldwide with its unique focus on the key ingredient for success in the global documentary marketplace: storytelling. As this revised, updated fifth edition makes clear, nonfiction storytelling is not limited to ... more

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Digital Ecosystem Country Assessment (DECA): Guatemala

Liliana Fernandez, Julio Herrera, Sergio Martinez, Susannah Horton

USAID, Digital Frontiers Project (2023), 112 pp.

"The Guatemala DECA report presents the findings and recommendations of the Guatemala DECA. It outlines the key aspects of Guatemala’s digital ecosystem and provides nine recommendations for creating a more inclusive, safe, and enabling environment. Guided by USAID/Guatemala priorities: i) partner ... more

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Fairwork South Africa Ratings 2023: Advocating for Safety and Dignity in the Platform Economy

Oxford; Berlin: Fairwork (2023), 39 pp.

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Digital Ecosystem Country Assessment (DECA): Tanzania

Goodiel Moshi, Muriuk Mureithi, Judyth Engels, Susannah Horto

USAID, Digital Frontiers Project (2023), 123 pp.

"The Tanzania DECA report presents the findings and recommendations of the Tanzania DECA. It outlines the key aspects of Tanzania’s digital ecosystem and provides 13 recommendations for creating a more inclusive, safe, and enabling environment. Guided by USAID/Tanzania priorities: i) foundational ... more

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Media Capture Strategies in an Islamic Authoritarian Context: The Case of the Taliban

Faisal Karimi

Human Rights Institute (2023), 43 pp.

"This paper explores the Taliban government's media capture strategies since retaking the country on August 15, 2021, and how journalists and media outlets have responded to these strategies. In particular, it focuses on the Taliban government's approach to the media, given the recent political tran ... more

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Fairwork Uganda Ratings 2023: A Need for Pro-Worker Change

Oxford; Berlin: Fairwork (2023), 33 pp.

"In 2023, Fairwork conducted the first year of research in Uganda among twelve selected digital platforms. The selected platforms are in the sectors of ride hailing and food delivery. The research and rating of platforms was done as per the five Fairwork principles." (Executive Summary)

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Post-traumatic Mental and Physical Consequences of Frontline Reporting in the MENA Region

Lakhdar Chadli, Farooq Muhammad Haq, Ahmed Okasha, Rafik Attou

Open Public Health Journal, volume 15 (2023), 12 pp.

"Background: A current need in journalistic frontline work is to understand the potential psychological and physical traumatic consequences that may result from on-duty appointments. Journalists are active in frontline zones to report on conflicts, crises, and natural disasters. In the Middle East a ... more

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Achieving Active Political Pluralism and Participation Through Development Communication: The Role of Local and Community Radio Media Outlets in Northern Ghana

John Demuyakor

Journal of Radio & Audio Media, volume 30, issue 1 (2023), pp. 252-273

"Development communication and community radio media outlets have been described as the most effective way of ensuring political inclusion and political engagement in emerging democracies such as Ghana. With development communication theory as the theoretical basis, this study is aimed at assessing ... more

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Fairwork Indonesia Ratings 2023: Labour Standards in the Platform Economy

Oxford; Berlin: Fairwork (2023), 39 pp.