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1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
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1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
Media focus
9277
2537
1696
1336
697
238
235
114
42
28
Publication Years
4393
5626
2694
842
415
198
1289
141
18
1
Methods applied
522
487
418
325
197
82
62
49
27
14
14
11
7
6
5
5
5
4
3
2
1
Journals
272
183
128
94
93
79
73
69
69
67
67
63
60
45
39
39
37
36
36
34
34
32
31
30
25
25
25
23
20
19
18
17
16
16
15
15
15
15
15
14
14
13
13
12
12
12
12
12
11
11
11
10
10
10
10
10
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
7
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7
7
7
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6
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6
6
6
6
6
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6
6
6
6
6
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6
5
5
5
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5
5
5
5
5
5
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5
5
5
5
5
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
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1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
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1
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Output Type
7681
3373
3323
630
220
181
130
71
Encyclopedia of International Media and Communications, Volume 2, F-K
New York: Academic Press (2003), 29, 708 pp.
UNESCO's Basic Texts on the Information Society
Paris: UNESCO (2003), 112 pp.
Prime Time Crime: Balkan Media in War and Peace
Washington, DC: United States Institute of Peace Press (2003), xxiii, 261 pp.
The Media Environment in Bosnia and Herzegovina
USAID Bosnia (2003), 47 pp.
"It probably does not need saying again, but the media market in BiH is a mass. Not just because there are too many outlets fighting for an audience and seeking all too little available money, but because noone knows much with any accuracy. So claim and counter claim for audience share, coverage, ci
...
rculation and advertising revenues contribute to the general prevailing atmosphere of suspicion and distrust. Undoubtedly many outlets will fail in the next few years, and it will be a challenge for all those who care about Bosnia to ensure those that do fail are not those who are making a genuine contribution to society. Ten years ago there was chaos in the media, and a great many of the outlets were pernicious; this was followed by a period of anarchy in which anyone could do what they liked – some of what blossomed then was reasonable, much was not. Now, there is some sort of stability. The electronic media is highly decentralised but print remains, in the main, centralised in the two entity capitals. There are a number of decent organisations close to sustainability. We believe support should continue to be focused on those who are, and who are also demonstrating, and continue to demonstrate, a genuine contribution to building democracy, to promoting open debate, and to helping to hold government, institutions and all centres of power, to account." (Conclusions, page 26)
more
Facts & Figures 2002: Culture Sector
Stockholm: Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency (Sida) (2003), 34 pp.
World Press Encyclopedia: A Survey of Press Systems Worldwide
Detroit: Gale, 2nd ed. (2003), xxviii, 1285 pp.
"In these two volumes, readers will find comparative, in-depth essays on the press systems of 232 countries and/or territories. World Press Encyclopedia (WPE) is unique and valuable to users because, in addition to essays on each country’s press system, WPE also contains custommade graphs and stat
...
istical tables, as well as regional maps, useful appendices, and an extensive index. This comprehensive, authoritative source of information allows for easy comparison between essays with a standard format or set of “rubrics” used whenever possible (see section titled “Essay Components”). Each essay also features basic data information—such as official country name, literacy rate, language(s), and number of daily newspapers—clearly marked with headings at the beginning of each entry. Additionally, WPE’s contributors include scholars, professionals, and educators from across the United States and around the world; each essay has a byline. Although this is the second edition, WPE has been completely reconceptualized and 100 percent revised from the first edition, which was published in 1982." (Introduction)
more
"In Beyond the Trauma Vortex, Gina Ross proposes a collaboration between the media, trauma researchers, and helping officials in order to break the vicious cycle of trauma and violence. The media, Ross suggests, can use their tremendous influence to promote peace rather than violence and to heal wou
...
nded psyches, communities, and nations. Delving first into the destructive nature of the "trauma vortex" through a variety of individual and historical examples, Ross then offers her insight into an alternate, restorative "healing vortex." By focusing on the interrelatedness of personal and collective healing, the author makes a compelling case for why—and how—media professionals can play an influential role in effecting widespread healing for their viewers and for themselves." (Publisher description)
more
Attacks on the Press in 2002: A Worldwide Survey
New York: Committee to Protect Journalists (CPJ) (2003), xii, 428 pp.
Media Assistance: Best Practices and Priorities. Report on a USAID Workshop
Washington, DC: USAID, Bureau for Policy and Program Coordination (2003), 17 pp.
"Determining that the time had come to derive lessons from past efforts, think afresh about media assistance, and perhaps add some new models - including approaches for Africa and Asia, where the cultural preconditions and economic prospects are quite different from those of Europe - USAID’s Burea
...
u for Policy and Program Coordination (PPC) undertook a year-long evaluation and review of USAID’s media assistance programs. The goal of the review was to develop a set of learning tools and promote a more aggressive media development agenda. The media assistance review was launched in July 2002 by PPC’s Dr. Krishna Kumar, who convened about 30 USAID and public diplomacy officials, congressional aides, journalists, and NGO media development practitioners to assess what has worked, what has not, and what might be done differently. Much of the discussion focused on the need to create professional, independent media that can give voice to different sectors of society, provide useful information, and hold powerful institutions and individuals accountable. The candid discussion also revealed areas of tension. Media development practitioners cited tensions arising from the possibility that the goals of public diplomacy were sometimes incompatible with the goals underlying the promotion of the development of independent, indigenous media. Another tension related to the competing priorities and methods of media work in conflict zones versus those of long-term media development in more stable developing democracies." (Introduction, page 7)
more
International Media Assistance: A Review of Donor Activities and Lessons Learned
Deep Insights
The Hague: Netherlands Institute of International Relations 'Clingendael' (2003), 32 pp.
Estrategias de comunicación para gobiernos
Buenos Aires: La Crujía, 2nd ed. (2003), 262 pp.