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Journalism under Duress: Worlds of Journalism Study Report (Wave 3: 2021–2025)
Deep Insights

Thomas Hanitzsch, Folker Hanusch, Corinna Lauerer, Vera Slavtcheva-Petkova (eds.)

Munich: Ludwig-Maximilian Universität (LMU), WJS Center (2025), 371 pp.

"This report presents findings from the third wave of the Worlds of Journalism Study (WJS3), conducted between 2021 and 2025. In this iteration, we focused on journalists’ perceptions of risk and uncertainty in their profession and sought to identify key factors that shape how journalists navigate ... more

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Uncovering news deserts in Europe: Risks and opportunities for local and community media in the EU
Deep Insights

Sofia Verza, Tijana Blagojev, Danielle Borges, Jan Kermer, Matteo Trevisan, Urbano Reviglio (eds.)

San Domenico di Fiesole (Italy): European University Institute (2024), 224 pp.

"This research is focused on detecting challenges and opportunities for local and community media and identifying news deserts in the 27 EU Member States. It entails a holistic approach towards the concept of news desert, interpreting it as an area that is lacking sufficient, reliable and diverse in ... more

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The Impact of Chayka.lv on the Russian-Speaking Community of Daugavpils, Latvia

Internews; Market Research Center (2023), 54 pp.

"Chayka.lv is an independent media outlet established in 2019 that provides free, high-quality, politically neutral information to the Russian-speaking community of the Latvian city of Daugavpils, including news, entertainment, human-interest and other factual content. It started as pages on the Fac ... more

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“It’s complicated, but we put it “simply”: Analysis of the media literacy framing in Latvian Media Support Fund projects (2018-2020)

Anda Rožukalne, Aija Kažoka

Comunicação Pública, volume 17, issue 33 (2022), 29 pp.

"This study examines the framing of media and information literacy issues in media projects financed by the Latvian Media Support Fund and discusses the professional quality of media and information literacy (MIL) related content with project beneficiaries and media experts. The study uses the ideol ... more

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Latvia Country Report. Media Literacy Sector Mapping in Georgia, Latvia, Moldova and Ukraine

Solvita Denisa-Liepniece et al.

Riga: Baltic Centre for Media Excellence (BCME) (2021), 30 pp.

"• A holistic approach is needed. Media literacy goes far beyond media, education and culture. It should become an essential part of everyday life, taking appropriate forms to attract, to connect and to activate responsible decision making. The recent trending issues are digitalisation (before 201 ... 3), focus on disinformation (and mixing it up with “fake news”) after 2016, as well as (dis)trust due to the influence of the Covid-19 pandemic after 2020. Today the focus is on how the issues related to data transparency, new gadgets and wearable technology, are changing the media landscape and media consumption. • Developing internal and external factors, related to media literacy, shows that some changes are here to stay. Adaptability to new agendas, tools, techniques is a must for the area. The challenges and known and emerging threats connected to media literacy emphasise the necessity for a holistic approach within a society. • Strategic strengthening of collaboration should be considered by the stakeholders. There is discord regarding who should do what, as functions in legislation and other regulating documents are very general. Clearly defined responsibilities for formal networking with clear timelines, as well as ad-hoc informal networking should be considered. • Financial sustainability and media literacy focused institutions. The media literacy initiatives are un26 derfunded by the state. It is mainly international donors who are setting the agenda. For instance, newly identified needs such as projects for marginalised parts of society or those tired from the news do not get the appropriate response from the community of media literacy actors. Those actors, who occasionally deliver projects on media literacy, are mostly busy with other projects. • Future-oriented media literacy. Behaviour prediction and redirection of the audience, connected to data collection and events, are topical issues for political and business purposes. The issue is connected to the emerging military technologies of influence (Kania, 2020; Tullis, 2019), means that activities related to increasing resilience and adaptability should continue. There is a need on a national level to encourage capacity building and informing media literacy stakeholders on prospective topics to be included. • While mentioning the external factors, some experts said media education should be considered essential without the need to connect to external actors, and to be part of any informed decision making centric and human centric process, taking it out of the political scope. • Solutions cannot be just Top-Down or Bottom-Up, as the skills and knowledge needed should be interconnected with issues relevant for the society. Motivation and engagement of the fragmented audiences, by promoting media literacy and quality journalism is essential for making a strong, responsible and sustainable country. There will be a growing need for very precise and different types of media literacy initiatives (in scope, format, and nature) in society. • Evidence based media literacy should be appropriately funded. The networking needed for increasing research should be considered a priority for cross-sectoral cooperation." (Concluding remarks, pages 25-26) more

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General Overview and Recommendations. Media Literacy Sector Mapping in Georgia, Latvia, Moldova and Ukraine

Riga: Baltic Centre for Media Excellence (BCME) (2021), 12 pp.

"The Missing Strategic Holistic Approach Every selected country is going through a process of securitization of the media literacy as part of national security and defence. These changes were made in response to military and informational aggression from Russia, however, each faces the threat at a d ... ifferent scale. In all countries, there is a need for a holistic strategic approach to media literacy. At the same time, this approach has developed at different rates in each country. Nevertheless, in each country there are attempts or plans to create systemic policy with action plans. The main obstacles, however, can be summed up in the following ways: the lack of a holistic vision and evidence-based approach; missing a joint understanding and definition of the role of media literacy in society; low level institutional coordination and cooperation; a lack of resources; and a lack of political will to define and prioritise selected vulnerable groups, including minorities. Government Institutions: Trust, Transparency and the Required Coordination and Cooperation Different approaches are implemented in designing institutional leadership in each country. In Ukraine and Georgia, there are attempts to establish consolidating bodies (separated or based on Ministries). In Latvia and Moldova, there are no clear publicly available strategies for development. Among the most common institutional implementers in all countries are the Ministries responsible for education, culture and digital technologies and transformation. In each country there are attempts (at different stages of implementation) to create governmental agencies and/or platforms to combine media literacy initiatives and activities. At the same time, a strong connection to the government raises concerns within the NGO community, especially in countries with high levels of corruption. There is a clear need for more trust, based on transparency between state and non-state actors. As a result of a missing strategic approach, there are problems with government related cross-institutional cooperation - among ministries, regulators and governmental agencies in every country. While strategic documents underline the priority of critical media literacy and outline the skills needed to evaluate information for well-informed decision making, the dominant approach in all four countries, is for certain government bodies to focus on digital literacies and technical skills, and not on critical thinking. Non-Governmental and International Organisations: Setting the Agenda This lack of understanding, coordination and cooperation among government structures, accompanied by the dominance and importance of non-governmental actors, creates an imbalance in setting the agenda. NGOs mostly get financial resources from international organisations and foreign actors. Donors and supporters through requesting specific projects, developing calls and competing initiatives are transforming the media literacy environment at the AAA level - by selecting actors, defining audiences and endorsing activities. The current agendas of international supporters and donors are aimed to fill gaps - to support the non-governmental community and to create projects for minorities, also in minority languages. However, international organisations need to evaluate interventions, and they need to come up with projects adapted for local audiences, as well as demonstrate successful examples to other non-governmental partners in other countries." (General findings, pages 4-5) more

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On the Death of Jews: Photographs and History

Nadine Fresco

New York; Oxford: Berghahn; United States Holocaust Memorial Museum (2021), 104 pp.

"Straddling the boundary between historical inquiry and personal reflection, this extraordinary text unfolds as a series of encounters with eponymic Holocaust photographs. Although only a small number of photographs are reproduced here, Fresco provides evocative descriptions of many well-known image ... more

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Global Perspectives on Amateur Film Histories and Cultures

Masha Salazkina, Enrique Fibla-Gutiérrez (eds.)

Bloomington: Indiana University Press (2021), ix, 336 pp.

"Through carefully curated essays, Salazkina and Fibla-Gutiérrez bring wider meaning and significance to the discipline through their study of alternative cinema in new territories, fueled by different historical and political circumstances, innovative technologies, and ambitious practitioners. The ... more

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Media Literacy Sector Mapping in Georgia, Latvia, Moldova and Ukraine: General Overview and Recommendations

Baltic Centre for Media Excellence (2021), 12 pp.

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Media Policy in a Pandemic: Lessons from Moldova, Ukraine and Latvia

Anastasia Nani, Lolita Buka, Gina Lentine

Washington, DC: Freedom House (2020), 8 pp.

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The European Handbook of Media Accountability

Tobias Eberwein, Matthias Karmasin, Susanne Fengler (eds.)

London: Routledge (2018), xvii, 340 pp.

"In recent years, the Leveson Inquiry in Great Britain, as well as the EU High-Level Group on Media Freedom and Pluralism, have stirred heated debates about media accountability and media self-regulation across Europe. How responsible are journalists? How well-developed are infrastructures of media ... more

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Disinformation Resilience in Central and Eastern Europe

Kyiv: Foreign Policy Council “Ukrainian Prism” (Prismua); Eurasian States in Transition Research Center (EAST Center) (2018), 335 pp.

"This research is aimed at assessing national vulnerabilities and preparedness to counteract foreign-led disinformation in 14 countries of Eastern and Central Europe. The Visegrad states (Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, Slovakia), Eastern Partnership countries (Azerbaijan, Armenia, Belarus, Georgia ... more

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Russian Social Media Influence: Understanding Russian Propaganda in Eastern Europe

Todd C. Helmus, Elizabeth Bodine-Baron, Andrew Radin, Mdeline Magnuson, Joshua Mendelsohn, William Marcellino, Andriy Bega, Zev Winkelman

Santa Monica, Calif.: RAND Corporation (2018), xvii, 130 pp.

"A RAND Corporation study examined Russian-language content on social media and the broader propaganda threat posed to the region of former Soviet states that include Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Ukraine, and, to a lesser extent, Moldova and Belarus. In addition to employing a state-funded multilingu ... more

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In Media We Trust: Journalists and Institutional Trust Perceptions in Post-Authoritarian and Post-Totalitarian Countries

Alice N. Tejkalová et al.

Journalism Studies, volume 18, issue 5 (2017), pp. 629-644

"Trust is a societal value that is difficult to gain and easy to lose. This article deals with the levels of trust that journalists working in eight post-authoritarian and post-totalitarian countries (Argentina, Bangladesh, Brazil, Czech Republic, Indonesia, Latvia, South Africa and Tanzania) have i ... more

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Defamation and Insult Laws in the OSCE Region: A Comparative Study

Scott Griffen

Barbara Trionfi (ed.)

Vienna: OSCE Representative on Freedom of the Media (2017), 267 pp.

"This study examines the existence of criminal defamation and insult laws in the territory of the 57 participating States of the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE). In doing so, it offers a broad, comparative overview of the compliance of OSCE participating States’ legislat ... more

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Journalists in Latvia

Liga Ozolina

Worlds of Journalism Study (2016), 7 pp.

"When it comes to professional role orientation, Latvian journalists are almost unanimous that journalists should report things as they are and act as detached observers. Interviewed journalists also found it important to provide analysis of current affairs, to educate the audience, to let people ex ... more

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Assessing Russia’s Influence in its Periphery

Broadcasting Board of Governors (BBG); Gallup (2016), 40 slides

"Russian speakers in Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania rank Kremlin-backed media as the least trustworthy among international, Russian Federation and domestic news sources, according to research presented by the Broadcasting Board of Governors. In addition, only those survey respondents who considered R ... more

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Creative Economy Outlook and Country Profiles: Trends in International Trade in Creative Industries

United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) (2016), vii, 161 pp.

"International trade in creative industries showed sustained growth in the last decade. The global market for traded creative goods and services totaled a record $547billion in 2012, as compared to $302 billion in 2003. Exports from developing countries, led by Asian countries, were growing faster t ... more

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Mapping of Media Literacy Practices and Actions in EU-28
Deep Insights

Strasbourg: European Audiovisual Observatory (2016), 452 pp.

"Of the 939 identified main media literacy stakeholders, over a third were categorised as “civil society” (305), followed by “public authorities” (175) and “academia” (161). Over two-thirds of them do not have a statutory responsibility in this area and base their involvement on a differ ... more

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Resisting Foreign State Propaganda in the New Information Environment: The Case of the EU, Russia, and the Eastern Partnership Countries

Foundation for European Progressive Studies (FEPS) (2016), 293 pp.

"With well-organised and far-reaching weapons of information Russia has succeeded in sowing doubt about the need for democratic values and is therefore also undermining faith in democratic countries, weakening it. Russia government uses lies, concealment, and the manipulation of anything that can se ... more

Journalism under Duress: Worlds of Journalism Study Report (Wave 3: 2021–2025) Deep Insights

Uncovering news deserts in Europe: Risks and opportunities for local and community media in the EU Deep Insights

Mapping of Media Literacy Practices and Actions in EU-28 Deep Insights

Journalism under Duress: Worlds of Journalism Study Report (Wave 3: 2021–2025)
Deep Insights

Uncovering news deserts in Europe: Risks and opportunities for local and community media in the EU
Deep Insights

Mapping of Media Literacy Practices and Actions in EU-28
Deep Insights