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Media Sustainability Index 2011: The Development of Sustainable Independent Media in Europe and Eurasia

Leon Morse (ed.)

Washington, DC: IREX (2011), xxiii, 321 pp.

"With three notable exceptions—Belarus, Russia, and Uzbekistan—the media sector in the countries included in the first edition of the MSI in 2001 have over time either improved overall or stayed more or less the same. But, a review of overall MSI scores is just one way to use the MSI to see how ... more

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Media Sustainability Index 2010: Development of Sustainable Independent Media in Europe and Eurasia

Leon Morse (ed.)

Washington, DC: IREX (2010), xxi, 287 pp.

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Understanding Community Media
Deep Insights

Kevin Howley (ed.)

London et al.: Sage (2010), xii, 410 pp.

"With contributions from an international team of well-known experts, media activists, and promising young scholars, this comprehensive volume examines community-based media from theoretical, empirical, and practical perspectives. More than 30 original essays provide an incisive and timely analysis ... more

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Footprint of Financial Crisis in the Media

London: Open Society Institute, Media Program (2010), 14 pp.

"The global economic downturn has affected countless businesses across the region, forcing them to slash costs, lay off employees, and reduce output. Media businesses are no exception. However, when media businesses are hit, it is not just their turnover that suffers: their primary function, the del ... more

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Die Medien in Osteuropa: Mediensysteme im Transformationsprozess

Marc Stegherr, Kerstin Liesem

Wiesbaden: VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften (2010), 374 pp.

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Media Sustainability Index 2009: Development of Sustainable Independent Media in Europe and Eurasia

Leon Morse (ed.)

Washington, DC: IREX (2009), xix, 285 pp.

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Internationales Handbuch Medien

Hans-Bredow-Institut

Christiane Matzen; Anja Herzog (eds.)

Baden-Baden: Nomos, 28th ed. (2009), 1308 pp.

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South East and Central Europe Media Handbook 2009. Vol. 1
Deep Insights

Oliver Vujovic, Radomir Licina (eds.)

Vienna: South East Europe Media Organisation (SEEMO) (2009), 1325 pp.

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Die Medien in Mazedonien

Vladimir Zlatarsky, Dirk Förger

KAS Auslandsinformationen, issue 7-8 (2009), pp. 62-80

"On World Press Freedom Day, about 200 journalists met in the Macedonian capital of Skopje in May 2009 to protest against unfair trials of journalists and pillory political pressure and the level of press freedom in general. To be sure, Macedonia’s constitution guarantees freedom of opinion and th ... e press. Moreover, laws such as the electronic media act of 2005 and the radio act do allow a certain latitude for journalists. Yet problems remain: many media depend on the state, wages are low, journalist training is defective, and outrages against reporters are still happening. Macedonia’s secession from ex-Yugoslavia in 1991 did not bring domestic unity. One enduring problem is the tension between the Macedonian majority and the Albanian minority. The armed conflict between the army and Albanian separatists was resolved only by the Ochrid agreement (OFA). Today, the country is a parliamentary democracy endeavouring to join the EU and NATO. Yet the Atlantic Alliance did not issue an invitation to the 2008 Bucharest summit, probably because of the ethnic tension and persistent corruption in the country and the unresolved dispute with Greece over the name Macedonia. Headed by Nikola Gruevski, the coalition of civil and Albanian forces that currently governs the country continues to steer a course towards Europe, but it is confronted by great challenges: high unemployment, an extensive shadow economy, murky relations between politics and the economy, and the uneasy coexistence of ethnic groups. All this is echoed by the media of the country. The total number of Macedonian print media can only be estimated; it is said that there are around 750. The most powerful newspaper group is the one owned by the Westdeutsche Allgemeine Zeitung (WAZ) which acquired three products called ”Dnevnik”, ”Utrinski vestnik” and ”Vest” in May 2003. Founded in 1996, Dnevnik boasts the highest circulation. The paper itself states that it is printing 55,000 copies a day, having broken the monopoly of the former ’state paper’ ”Nova Makedonija”. Good style and up-to-date coverage brought new readers. With a circulation of 30,000, ”Vest” belongs to the yellow-press category. Printed in 8,000 copies, ”Utrinski vestnik” mainly offers analyses and comments. Even privatization could not prevent the fall of ”Nova Makedonija”, the mouthpiece of the communists before independence. These days, it is barely hanging on with a circulation of 3,000. The eponymous company also owns ”Vecer” (circulation 3,000) and the Turkish-language ”Birlik”. Established in Sofia in 2004, the immensely popular ”Vreme” has meanwhile reached a circulation of 10,000, appearing also on Sundays under the name of ”Nedelno vreme”. ”Fakti”, the leading paper published in the Albanian language, appears also in the Kosovo. At the same time, two Kosovan-language papers are being published in Macedonia, ”Koha Ditore” and ”Lajme”. About 60 weeklies are being printed in Macedonia, of which many appear at irregular intervals and face great financial problems. However, all the country’s print media stand in need of financial transparency. The considerable pressure exerted by the state on the media, mostly through paid advertisements, adversely affects the choice and quality of information. Moreover, the special advantages enjoyed by established houses make it even more difficult for new independent papers to enter the market. In 1997, the Council for Electronic Media (CEM) was established to monitor radio and television channels, protect pluralism and the freedom of opinion, and safeguard the independence of all media. Although CEM members are nominated by renowned institutions, they are all appointed by parliament in the end, a procedure which Freedom House regards as problematic. Currently, there are six media institutes that hold broadcasting licences: MTV, a public-service channel, A1 TV, Alsat-M, Kanal 5, Sitel, and Telma. A1 TV, the market leader that was launched in 1993 as Macedonia’s first private channel, attracted 23.7 percent of the viewing public in 2007. Next in line at 12.3 percent is Sitel, which has been mainly airing entertainment programmes since 1993. Kanal 5 has a market share of 7.6 percent, while Telma has 3.9. Launched in 2006, Alsat-M airs programmes in the Albanian language, swiftly winning over 86 percent of the country’s Albanian population. At 52, the number of TV stations is high for a small country like Macedonia, although the funding question remains moot in many cases. At a total of 62, radio stations are also fairly numerous, although only four of them hold a national licence. Because of the growing importance of television and, to an even greater extent, the internet, the number of listeners has been declining in recent years. On a regional and local scale, however, radio stations, two of which are transmitting Albanian-language programmes, still retain their importance. Among the country’s news agencies, Makfax has established itself as a reputable source. Founded in 1992, the agency also reports in Albanian and English. Makedonski Informativen Centar, another private agency, was established in 2007. Founded in 1992 on the initiative of parliament, Makedonska Informativna Agencia also offers trilingual service. Portal Total supplies business news every day. Finally, the internet has become a major source of information thanks to the online editions of various papers and journals. The charges made in May of this year appear justified. In the view of Freedom House, the media in Macedonia are only ’partially free’. Outrages are still being committed on journalists for whose protection associations have been founded, although these are ethnically divided and hardly cooperate at all. Thus, the Association of Journalists exists side by side with the Association of Albanian Journalists. The associations will have their work cut out to protect their own members from physical or legal persecution and lay abuses before the public: in May 2006, for example, a court in Kumanova sentenced Mr Bozinovski, an investigative journalist, to three months’ imprisonment for libel and defamation after he had written an article exposing the links between politics, business, and journalism. Although Mr Bozinovski’s article was written three years ago, and the libel clause on which the proceedings were based had been struck from the code days before the sentence, the court obviously wanted to finish the case under the ’old law’. The prisoner owes his premature release only to the pressure exerted by the EU and Amnesty International. Reports about attacks on Albanian journalists are piling up as well: in September 2007, for example, a reporter of the Albanian-language Alsat-M television channel had his camera forcibly torn from him when he filmed policemen who had aroused the rage of villagers by stopping the car of an MP who was involved in a parliamentary scandal. When he refused to hand over his camera, the journalist was knocked down by policemen. The electronic media act adopted in 2005 was intended to protect pluralism from cartels. Thus, the owner of one electronic medium is not prohibited from acquiring an interest in another. What he may not do, however, is acquire an interest in a company which owns a print medium or is active in advertizing, telecommunications, or the film industry. Once again, however, there is a gap between theory and practice, all the more so as many Macedonian TV channels belong to influential enterprises which, in turn, are closely related to political parties." (Executive summary). more

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Television Across Europe: More Channels, Less Independence. Follow-up Reports 2008
Deep Insights

Budapest: Open Society Institute (OSI), EU Monitoring and Advocacy Program (EUMAP) (2008), 456 pp.

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Kosovo and the Media

Marko Trosanovski, Tome Smilevski (eds.)

Skopje: Macedonian Institute for Media (2008), 261 pp.

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Towards a New Model: Media and Communication in Post-Conflict and Fragile States
Deep Insights

Shanthi Kalathil, John Langlois, Adam Kaplan

Washington, DC: World Bank, Communication for Governance and Accountability Program (CommGAP) (2008), 105 pp.

"There is very little undestanding of the role that communicartion processes play in the numerous starnds of post-conflict reconstruction, including peacebuilding, governance, and long-term development. This paper addressess this gap by distilling lessons learned from the media and communication str ... more

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Divided They Fall: Public Service Broadcasting in Multiethnic States

Sandra Basic-Hrvatin, Mark Thompson, Tarik Jusic (eds.)

Kanita Halilovic (transl.)

Sarajevo: Mediacentar (2008), 205 pp.

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Media Sustainability Index 2008: Development of Sustainable Independent Media in Europe and Eurasia

Leon Morse (ed.)

Washington, DC: IREX (2008), xxi, 276 pp.

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Ten Years of Media Support to the Balkans: An Assessment
Deep Insights

Aaron Rhodes

Stability Pact for South Eastern Europe, Media Task Force (2007), 47 pp.

"From 1995 to 2005, the international community provided significant support to media in the Western Balkans. Based on a meta-analysis of 37 project reports and interviews with a broad range of media experts, this study finds that direct support to independent media was a key factor in helping the c ... more

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Freedom of Speech in South East Europe: Media Independence and Self-Regulation

Sofia: Media Development Center; South East European Network for Professionalization of Media (SEENPM) (2007), 613 pp.

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Confidence-Building, Market Forces and the Public Good: Challenges of Media Intervention in Post-Conflict Macedonia

Sally Broughton-Micova

In: Transacting Transition: The Micropolitics of Democracy Assistance in the Former Yugoslavia

Keith Brown (ed.)

Bloomfield, CT: Kumarian Press (2006), pp. 125-141

"This chapter recalls and evaluates international intervention in Macedonia's media landscape immediately after the violent conflict in the country in 2001. It focuses in particular on the media component of the Confidence Building Initiative (CBI), funded by USAID's Office for Transition Initiative ... more

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Transparency and Silence: A Survey of Access to Information Laws and Practices in Fourteen Countries
Deep Insights

Helen Darbishire, Thomas Carson

New York: Open Society Institute (2006), 188 pp.

"This report records and analyzes the results of a study in which partners of the Justice Initiative in 14 countries filed a total of 1,926 requests for information. In each country, seven different requesters twice submitted up to 70 questions to 18 public institutions. Requesters included NGOs, jo ... more

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Evaluation Report on Medienhilfe Network Projects in Macedonia and Kosovo

Mark Thompson

Zürich: medienhilfe (mh) (2006), 17 pp.

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Media and Minorities in South East Europe

Thomas Bauer, Oliver Vujovic (eds.)

Vienna: South East Europe Media Organisation (SEEMO) (2006), 774 pp.

Understanding Community Media Deep Insights

South East and Central Europe Media Handbook 2009. Vol. 1 Deep Insights

Television Across Europe: More Channels, Less Independence. Follow-up Reports 2008 Deep Insights

Towards a New Model: Media and Communication in Post-Conflict and Fragile States Deep Insights

Ten Years of Media Support to the Balkans: An Assessment Deep Insights

Transparency and Silence: A Survey of Access to Information Laws and Practices in Fourteen Countries Deep Insights

Understanding Community Media
Deep Insights

South East and Central Europe Media Handbook 2009. Vol. 1
Deep Insights

Television Across Europe: More Channels, Less Independence. Follow-up Reports 2008
Deep Insights

Towards a New Model: Media and Communication in Post-Conflict and Fragile States
Deep Insights

Ten Years of Media Support to the Balkans: An Assessment
Deep Insights

Transparency and Silence: A Survey of Access to Information Laws and Practices in Fourteen Countries
Deep Insights