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Determinants of watchdog journalism: A global empirical approach

Basyouni Ibrahim Hamada, Abdel-Salam G. Abdel-Salam

International Communication Gazette, volume 87, issue 3 (2025), pp. 191-216

"This article introduces and examines a hierarchical model of influences that identifies the variables affecting the watchdog role of journalists at three levels: the societal (press freedom and democracy), the organizational (media ownership), and the individual (editorial autonomy and perceived in ... more

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The podcast as the centre of young Colombians’ information consumption in the digital sonosphere

Andrés Barrios-Rubio

Radio Journal: International Studies in Broadcast & Audio Media, volume 23, issue 1 (2025), pp. 59-81

"The relationship between the sound industry and its audience is influenced by the widespread use of smartphones as the primary means of accessing the internet. This has led to a transformation in media logics, particularly among young people in Colombia, as they adapt to an evolving ecosystem that ... more

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Negotiating Journalism: The (In)congruences of Role Expectations and Evaluation of Media Performance Between Audiences and News Professionals in Chile

Alexis Cruz, Claudia Mellado

International Journal of Communication, volume 19 (2025), pp. 1893–1917

"Based on an online survey with 330 Chilean journalists and 4,615 media users, this study examines the discrepancies between the expectations of Chilean audiences and news professionals regarding journalistic roles and their evaluation of media performance. The findings reveal that audiences place g ... more

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Attracting Volunteers Through Social Media Marketing in Environmental Organizations

Ali Çetinkaya, Yusuf Bilgin, Kübra Elmalı

Journal of Nonprofit & Public Sector Marketing (2025), 31 pp.

"Nowadays, environmental organizations have strategically leveraged social media platforms to raise environmental awareness, promote pro-environmental behavior, manage environmental campaigns, and encourage environmental volunteerism. This study aims to investigate the impact of social media marketi ... more

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Gender Profile of the Ukrainian Media

Zoia Krasovska, Lisa Kuzmenko, Tetiana Avdieieva

Women in Media (2025), 39 pp.

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The Impact of Generative AI on Critical Thinking: Self-Reported Reductions in Cognitive Effort and Confidence Effects From a Survey of KnowledgeWorkers

Hao-Ping (Hank) Lee, Advait Sarkar, Lev Tankelevitch, Ian Drosos, Sean Rintel, Richard Banks, Nicolas Wilson

Proceedings of the ACM CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI25) (2025), 23 pp.

"The rise of Generative AI (GenAI) in knowledge workflows raises questions about its impact on critical thinking skills and practices. We survey 319 knowledge workers to investigate 1) when and how they perceive the enaction of critical thinking when using GenAI, and 2) when and why GenAI affects th ... more

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Bridging digital gaps in a mobile device age: Evidence from community telecentres in Ghana

Daniel Azerikatoa Ayoung, Frederic Naazi-Ale Baada, Oswin Aganda Anaba, Augustine Aduko Alu

African Journal of Empirical Research, volume 6, issue 3 (2025), pp. 776-792

"This study explores the usefulness of Community Information Centres (CICs) amidst growing ubiquity of mobile phones. It examines how CICs can play a complementary role to personal mobile phones, specifically in facilitating access to information that translates into social and economic progress. Th ... more

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The State of Media Development: Latin America and the Caribbean

Emy Osorio Matorel

Bonn: Deutsche Welle DW Akademie (2025), 20 pp.

"Public-interest media across Latin America and the Caribbean are resilient and innovative, yet the enabling environment remains fragile. As this study has shown, none of the six OECD principles is fully met, with the sharpest gaps in funding (short-term, projectized support), donor coordination, an ... more

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The State of Media Development: Asia-Pacific

Umesh Pokharel

Bonn: Deutsche Welle DW Akademie (2025), 23 pp.

"Amid the Asia-Pacific region’s complex political and media landscape — marked by authoritarian regression, shrinking civic space, digital surveillance, funding shortfalls, and gender inequality — this study has explored the current status of media development in the region vis à vis the OECD ... 's six principles for relevant and effective media support [...] This leads to the following key recommendations: – Safeguard independent journalism through ethical support, risk awareness, and mutual accountability: Media programs must integrate local risk assessments and ethical protections to maintain editorial independence. Donors should adapt visibility approaches to protect partners in sensitive settings and foster open, two-way communication for adaptive, shared accountability. – Secure sustainable, inclusive, and crisis-responsive media financing that reflects media’s public value: Unrestricted, long-term funding is critical for media sustainability, particularly in fragile or exiled contexts. Media should be treated as a core democratic institution with expanded support reaching marginalized communities and integrated into broader development sectors. – Design media support with systemic, evidence-based and inclusive approaches that address structural gaps: Support must be grounded in deep ecosystem diagnostics and be inclusive of marginalized voices. Resources should strengthen hyperlocal and digital-first media while building local advocacy and resilience with donor collaboration enabling long-term impact. – Put local expertise and diverse leadership at the center of strategy, funding, and decision-making processes: Local actors should lead program planning and execution, supported by simplified access, institutional investment, and inclusive leadership — especially for women, rural, and displaced journalists. – Build coherent, transparent, and diplomatically backed coordination mechanisms that prioritize local participation: Donors should institutionalize inclusive coordination platforms, fund coordination roles, and streamline compliance. Diplomatic engagement should align with media development to bolster press freedom during crises. – Invest in contextualized research, continuous learning, and regional knowledge exchange to future-proof media systems: Locally led research, updated journalism education, and regional knowledge-sharing must be supported to address emerging issues and build resilience across Asia-Pacific media landscapes. While the findings are drawn from key informant interviews with ten organizations across eight Asia-Pacific countries and a small online survey sample and thus has limitations in terms of representativity, the report does provide a valuable starting point for broader future assessments and strategic planning in media development in the Asia-Pacific region." (Conclusion and key recommendations, page 22) more

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Where publishers are seeing AI’s real value – so far

Frankfurt am Main: WAN-IFRA (2025), ?? pp.

"Based on a Q2 2025 survey of more than 100 media leaders and 10 detailed case studies, the report explores how publishers are applying AI to workflows, products and audience engagement – and where its value is proving hardest to measure. Our findings show that AI’s impact is strongest behind th ... e scenes. While only 9 percent of publishers can point to direct revenue gains, 75 percent report efficiency improvements, 64 percent better content production, 55 percent faster publishing times, and 44 percent improved resource allocation. In other words, AI is already changing how news is produced and delivered, even if the financial payoffs are still emerging. “Revenue generation gets all the attention, but it’s often the wrong metric for AI in media. Cost reduction, quality improvements, speed gains, and better resource allocation deliver value faster and more measurably,” noted Ezra Eeman, Director of Strategy & Innovation at NPO, and Strategic Advisor for WAN-IFRA’s AI Initiatives. Here is a summary of the case studies in the report: The Hindu, India, Hard ROI: AI-driven recommendations for content, push notifications, and newsletters boosted CTRs, session durations, ad impressions and subscriptions. Schibsted, Norway, Hard ROI: A machine learning model for real-time personalisation lifted front-page subscription sales by 75 percent, while scaling across multiple newsrooms. United Daily News, Taiwan, Hard ROI: AI optimisation of ads, curation, and recommendations, drove 200 percent growth in ad performance, subscription conversions, and engagement. Financial Times, UK, Soft ROI: FT’s Storyfinding team applies AI to surface patterns in large datasets, streamlining investigative workflows and supporting scalable newsroom tools. NTM, Sweden, Hard and Soft ROI: Toppnyheter, an AI-powered audio news service, delivers real-time summaries while extending editorial oversight and audience reach. La Nación, Argentina, Soft ROI: A custom AI pipeline analysed President Javier Milei’s speeches, structuring 739,961 words to track rhetorical patterns. Legit.ng, Nigeria, Hard and Soft ROI: AI halved translation times, expanded Hausa-language coverage, boosted output, and improved fact-checking and distribution. “For us, AI is not about replacing journalists – it’s about giving them more time to do real journalism,” noted Rahaman Abiola, Editor-in-Chief. Gannett, USA, Hard and Soft ROI: Gannett, the parent company of USA Today, is transforming its 200-plus publications into an AI-ready organisation by embedding the technology across workflows, training and tools. “The real risk isn’t AI replacing you. It’s someone using AI replacing you,” remarked Jessica Davis, Vice President of News Automation and AI Product at Gannett. AsiaOne, Singapore, Hard ROI: An AI classification model improved ad targeting, boosted revenue by 20 percent, cut sales staff by 40 percent, and freed resources for higher-level strategy, while also providing shared insights across editorial, analytics and business teams. South China Morning Post, Hong Kong, Hard ROI: AI summarisation, editing, translation, and investigative tools save 300+ hours monthly while enhancing accuracy and reach." (https://wan-ifra.org) more

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Results of the survey for journalists

Taktak; Display Europe (2025), 9 pp.

"This report presents the main results of the surveys for journalists launched by the European cofunded project Taktak in collaboration with Display Europe in July and November 2024. The surveys aimed to have an overview of the working life of journalists in Europe, and gathered 436 replies. The two ... more

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The State of Media Development: Eastern Europe and Central Asia

Giorgi Jangiani

Bonn: Deutsche Welle DW Akademie (2025), 20 pp.

"The report highlights both urgent challenges and emerging opportunities in Eastern Europe and Central Asia — a region grappling with financial instability driven by the Russian war in Ukraine, political manipulation, declining support from tech platforms, and the potential loss of decades of accu ... mulated human and intellectual capital in the media sector. These challenges are further compounded by growing polarization, opaque platform-dominated markets, and increasingly repressive legislation. As a result, many media organizations are being forced into untenable choices between defending press freedom and investing in innovation and content production. Despite these pressures, the study emphasizes the resilience and adaptability of local media actors. Donor support remains meaningful in key areas such as institutional strengthening, coordination, research/learning and promoting local ownership. However, the report stresses that financial support alone is not enough — it calls for sustained, principled, and coordinated engagement. As one interviewee noted, “We don’t want to end up in a situation where we’re forced to sacrifice one principle over another — but in this region, that’s already happening.” While panic is not a strategy, inaction risks deepening the crisis. This report provides clear guidance for donors and implementers to reinforce media ecosystems and protect public interest journalism. If we were to summarize the key recommendations of this report, they would be: – Ensure sustainable core funding: Core support is essential to respond to crises and reduce reliance on politically influenced or commercially driven content. – Invest in long-term tech innovation: Fragmented, short-term digital investments fall short. Donors must coordinate support for scalable, sustainable digital strategies and help reclaim advertising revenue. – Address local media gaps: In many areas, television remains dominant while digital capacity lags. Fund initiatives that reinforce local democratic discourse and reduce polarization. – Strengthen legal and safety protections: Small and exiled media face legal threats and security risks. Long-term investment is needed in legal reform, journalist safety, and operational resilience. – Prioritize local leadership and inclusion: Donor reliance on international actors often sidelines capable local organizations. Local voices must be centered in strategy, funding, and implementation. Finally, it’s worth noting that the regional findings are based on a focused but insightful sample: 13 organizations from Eastern Europe and Central Asia participated in the survey (as part of the global survey), alongside 10 key informant interviews. Despite its limited scope, the report offers a solid foundation for future assessments and strategic agenda-setting in media development." (Conclusions and key recommendations) more

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Basotho support media’s watchdog role, but many doubt that their media is free

Asafika Mpako, Stephen Ndoma

Afrobarometer (2025), 9 pp.

"According to the 2024 Afrobarometer survey, strong majorities of Basotho value media freedom and say the media should act as a watchdog over the government, constantly investigating and reporting on government mistakes and corruption. But on whether media freedom exists in practice in their country ... more

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La alfabetización mediática en Colombia: Una propuesta para la creación de conciencia crítica en los estudios formales y no formales de comunicación

Ricardo Gordo Muskus

Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Tesis Doctoral (2025), 275 pp.

"El concepto de alfabetización mediática (AM), para quienes participaron en el Grupo ComunicArte, ha sido un concepto que ha estado en su formación a partir de las herramientas de aprendizaje y análisis que les ha dotado para construir conocimientos y capacidad crítica al momento de afrontar la ... información de los medios de difusión. Han podido generar habilidades para acceder, analizar, evaluar y crear mensajes a través de diversidad de medios; así, la AM es entendida por esta población como la capacidad que habilita para expresar puntos de vista, pensamientos, opiniones, sobre cómo y lo que informan. El alumnado de la UDistrital, conciben la AM como una herramienta para pensar críticamente y emitir opiniones razonadas gracias a las habilidades, herramientas y conocimientos con los que pueden acceder, analizar, evaluar y crear mensajes a través de diversidad de medios. La AM en la formación de estas dos poblaciones ha sido una herramienta conceptual que les habilita para posicionarse crítica y discursivamente frente a la información de otros medios de difusión. Además, les permite generar contenido mediático de acuerdo a sus necesidades e intereses. No obstante, a estas generalidades, en las que se da a entender que sí hay procesos de AM en la formación, no es algo que se pueda afirmar de manera certera; por lo tanto, es importante que las instituciones colombianas que se dedican a la formación en comunicación profesional o empírica, fortalezcan los procesos de AM, pues tal y como plantea Simons (2017) el profesorado debe estar suficientemente alfabetizado. El estudiantado de la UDistrital cuenta con mayores conocimientos teóricos debido a los contextos de formación. Sus autopercepciones; sin embargo, cuentan con carencias para permitirse interactuar de una manera significativa con los discursos y contenidos mediáticos. Es un aspecto que la universidad debe solucionar, teniendo en cuenta que serán profesionales de la comunicación a futuro y les corresponderá hacer frente a los sistemas mediáticos actuales. Quienes participan de las estrategias comunicativas del Grupo ComunicArte, al preguntarles por la competencia mediática (CM), la entienden preconceptualmente como una capacidad para razonar e interactuar críticamente con y sobre la información que presentan los medios. En la escogencia de selección múltiple de la pregunta que refiere a la definición por CM, en su mayoría la relacionan con las habilidades, conocimientos y actitudes que se asumen para aprovechar de manera efectiva la tecnología comunicativa y así poder actuar frente a los problemas que emergen de la interacción con los medios, identificando estructuras mínimas que los mensajes deben contener y los intereses que hay en quién y cómo se emite. Mientras que, en la UDistrital el estudiantado ve el concepto de CM como una habilidad que les permite poner a prueba sus conocimientos y actitudes para aprovechar de manera efectiva la tecnología comunicativa. A su vez, ayuda a reconocer cuándo una información, creación o producto mediático no cumple con niveles básicos de producción lingüística, técnica, estética, etc. Para las dos poblaciones, los niveles de CM en sus procesos formativos son generalizados; es decir, se poseen algunos conocimientos, actitudes, capacidades, habilidades, etc. que les permiten acceder a una interacción con los distintos medios de difusión; sin embargo, también hay debilidades en la construcción de elementos conceptuales teniendo en cuenta las seis dimensiones que se establecen de CM (Ferrés y Piscitelli, 2012) en este estudio y que se pueden potenciar gracias a los procesos de AM. Las dimensiones de producción y difusión, estética y tecnología, por las respuestas dadas, son con las que estas poblaciones tienen mayores acercamientos; pero queda el interrogante por las otras tres (lenguaje, ideología y valores e interacción) en cuyas respuestas no aparecen de manera explícita. Es importante que la formación reconozca que la integridad de los procesos de la AM debe estar dirigidos hacia la comprensión efectiva de la producción de los mensajes; y esto se logra potenciando la CM a través de las dimensiones propuestas (Ferrés y Piscitelli, 2012). Al preguntar por el pensamiento crítico (PC), quienes participan en el Grupo Comunicarte entienden que es una herramienta que les ayuda a diferenciar tipos de informaciones, mensajes, noticias, que se dan a través de los medios de difusión. Teóricamente, en su mayoría ven al PC como una estrategia que ayuda en la toma de decisiones con el fin de mejorar como comunicadores y comunicadoras, fortaleciendo las habilidades cognitivas e interpretativas. La población estudiantil de la UDistrital, entienden el concepto como una herramienta que se compone de habilidades cognitivas de interpretación, análisis, evaluación, inferencia, explicación y auto regulación. También lo asumen como un ejercicio que permite tomar decisiones individuales y colectivas en relación a proponer y probar puntos de vista e interpretación. Las respuestas en términos generales obligan a que dentro de los procesos formativos se insista en el fortalecimiento en las CM para que estudiantes de comunicación social y periodismo vean la importancia de relacionarse con los sistemas y medios a través de PC; de esta manera la AM pueda estar asegurada en un contexto tecnologizado y mediatizado en los que poco se produce y divulgan contenidos propios, haciendo que los ámbitos de expresión estén por encima de los de análisis, lo que produce que en el estudio de las dimensiones, haya mayor injerencia de la aplicación y actuación sobre la comprensión e interpretación; o sea, se ve que hay formación en cómo se produce una pieza radial, televisiva, digital, etc. Ambas poblaciones ven al PC como un recurso que les permite posicionarse frente a los medios fragmentando los niveles nstrumentales con los cuales se han formado. La dimensión de lenguaje es la que más tiene competencia en estas poblaciones respecto a lo que tiene que ver con el PC; pues en las respuestas se ve el valor que se da a la construcción y producción de contenidos (particularmente en la formación del Grupo ComunicArte) se da importancia al uso cotidiano de palabras, dichos, vocabulario, etc. como aspectos centrales en el proceso de comunicación y, por lo tanto, sentidos. Así mismo en esta población hay entendimiento conceptual en lo que tiene que ver con los procesos de interacción, identificación de enfoques, perspectivas, puntos de vista, ideologías y valores de quiénes informan y cómo informan." (Conclusiones, páginas páginas 209-212) more

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Free Expression Seen as Important Globally, but Not Everyone Thinks Their Country Has Press, Speech and Internet Freedoms: Made-up news and information seen as pervasive across the globe
Deep Insights

Jacob Poushter, Maria Smerkovich, Moira Fagan, Andrew Prozorovsky

Pew Research Center (2025), 71 pp.

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Information Sources, Credibility, Knowledge, and Risk Perceptions: Findings from the National Tuberculosis Survey in South Korea

Jarim Kim, Sunouk You, Yesolran Kim

International Journal of Communication, volume 18 (2024), pp. 888-908

"This study explores the sources of tuberculosis (TB) information used by Koreans, focusing specifically on how sociodemographic variables influence perceptions of source credibility and how the use of different information sources influences TB-related knowledge levels and risk perceptions. Based o ... more

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Azerbaijan digital skills assessment 2023-2024

Geneva: ITU (2024), ix, 83 pp.

"The survey findings reveal that 25 per cent of those aged between 15 and 74 have at least basic digital skills, with 7.8 per cent having above basic digital skills and 17.3 per cent having basic digital skills. The study also found that over a quarter (26.5%) of respondents below the basic level of ... more

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Artificial Intelligence (AI) Adoption by Civil Society Organizations (CSOs) in Zambia. A Survey Report

Internews; FHI 360; USAID (2024), 16 pp.

"The findings reveal that 44% of CSOs are currently utilizing AI tools, with generative AI being the most popular, while 96% of non-users are considering future integration. However, 54% have not yet adopted AI. Perceptions of AI’s impact on job security vary, with 48% seeing no threat, 13% percei ... more

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Gaming in Africa

GeoPoll (2024), 30 slides

"GeoPoll’s latest report, “Gaming in Africa,” provides a detailed exploration of the burgeoning gaming scene across Egypt, Kenya, Nigeria, and South Africa. Drawing from the perspectives of more than 2,500 gamers, this report shines a light on the habits, preferences, and challenges of the Afr ... ican gaming community. Highlights from the survey include the following: The Prevalence of Mobile Gaming: The survey reveals a significant tilt towards mobile gaming, with an astounding 92% of respondents playing games on their mobile phones. This preference is driven by increasing smartphone penetration and the Android platform’s dominance, with 92% of respondents having downloaded games from the Google Play Store. Engagement: Gaming serves as a primary source of entertainment, relaxation, and a remedy for boredom for the majority of gamers, with 73% playing for fun and 64% for stress relief. Expenditure: Financial investment in gaming is noteworthy, with 63% of gamers having made a purchase related to gaming. The amount spent varies, with 29% spending between $2 to $5 monthly, illustrating a willing but cost-conscious gamer base. Navigating the Barriers: The report also identifies barriers to gaming purchases, with 47% preferring free games and 44% citing a lack of funds. The cost-related challenges extend beyond purchases, as gamers list the cost of data bundles (42%) and expensive gaming hardware (31%) among their top challenges. A Call for Cultural Representation: Over half of the respondents value cultural relevance in games, and a substantial 44% feel there are not enough games with characters that look like them or environments similar to their life, signaling an untapped market for local content creation. In-Game Advertising Insights: Despite mixed feelings about ads in games, a surprising 63% have made a purchase after seeing an ad in a game. This suggests that while ads may be met with some resistance, they remain a potent tool for engagement and monetization within the gaming ecosystem. The Local Gaming Scene: A striking 56% of respondents are unaware of any games made in Africa, highlighting a significant gap in visibility and market penetration for local developers. However, there is a growing interest in supporting local talent, with varied sentiments across countries regarding the importance of local games." (Key findings summary) more

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Digital Media Utilization by Catholic Archdiocese of Nyeri for Evangelization During COVID-19 Pandemic

Joseph Kibuthu Waithaka

Nairobi: Daystar University, Master Thesis (2024), xii, 119 pp.

"Tied on New Media Theory, this study came up with three objectives. First, to explore how the Catholic Archdiocese of Nyeri utilized digital media to reach its congregants during the COVID-19 pandemic. Secondly, to examine the views of congregants of the Catholic Archdiocese of Nyeri regarding the ... more

Free Expression Seen as Important Globally, but Not Everyone Thinks Their Country Has Press, Speech and Internet Freedoms: Made-up news and information seen as pervasive across the globe Deep Insights

Free Expression Seen as Important Globally, but Not Everyone Thinks Their Country Has Press, Speech and Internet Freedoms: Made-up news and information seen as pervasive across the globe
Deep Insights