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AI Companions Reduce Loneliness

Julian De Freitas, Zeliha Oğuz-Uğuralp, Ahmet Kaan Uğuralp, Stefano Puntoni

Journal of Consumer Research, volume 52, issue 6 (2026), pp. 1126–1148

"Chatbots are now able to engage in sophisticated conversations with consumers in the domain of relationships, providing a potential coping solution to widescale societal loneliness. Behavioral research provides little insight into whether these applications (apps) are effective at alleviating lonel ... more

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„Hi, how may I assist you?” Chatbots for Better Service Delivery. Practical Guide, Applications and Principles in Development Cooperation
Key Guides

Daniel Brumund, Prashant Pratap Singh, Lisa Werkmeister

Bonn; Eschborn: Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) (2026), 48 pp.

"The guide provides lessons-learnt for building AI chatbots and explores: motivations and requirements for developing a chatbot; functional types of AI chatbots suitable for different projects; content and knowledge base behind chatbots; technological architectures for AI chatbots; steering and man ... more

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Terms of (dis)service: Comparing misinformation policies in text-generative AI chatbot

Maria Giovanna Sessa

Eu DisinfoLab (2025), 8 pp.

"● In the 11 chatbots considered, references to misinformation vary (and sometimes are missing). Even when the term is mentioned, it is rarely defined. This is not uncommon: what some platforms call ‘deletion’, others call ‘termination’, though potential nuances remain unclear. Additionall ... y, it is unspecified who enforces practices, how long suspensions last, and what distinguished warnings, suspensions, and terminations. On another note, more stringent prohibitions generally focus on hate speech, highlighting the illegal nature of the issue. ● Overall, ToS violation detection and content moderation processes are unclear. Some platforms mention dedicated moderation teams and processes – typically a mix of automated and human reviews – but the details remain vague. There is no transparency regarding the resources invested in content moderation, including the number of personnel, their locations and language coverage, and the timeline for action. ● Given our focus on misinformation, we concentrated on content reporting. Nevertheless, it is evident that platforms prioritise reporting breaches of and vulnerabilities in their architecture over content-related concerns. ● Law compliance is usually referenced in broad terms as adherence to “all applicable legislation”. Platforms primarily emphasise privacy and data protection, the prohibition of illegal activities (with a particular focus on child protection), restrictions on reverse-engineering platform functions, and using the services for biometric identification. Notably, there is a perception that users bear greater responsibility for providing accurate data and avoiding platform abuse than the platforms themselves do in terms of accountability. This impression arises because the ToS are detailed regarding user obligations but more superficial about platform responsibilities. Uncertainty remains regarding platform incentives and their actual capacity to enforce these rules. ● Most platforms specify that fact-checking is the user’s responsibility as if trying to exempt themselves from liability related to providing false and inaccurate answers. However, it is worth noting that the general provisions of the EU’s Digital Services Act (DSA) require online platforms to remove illegal content expeditiously once they have actual knowledge of its illegality. ● If current platform approaches to misinformation already seem inadequate, there are valid concerns that the situation will deteriorate further. The cross-platform trend of dismantling safety policies and moderation teams reinforces these fears. Examples pointing in this direction include OpenAI’s decision to remove some content warnings on ChatGPT, and xAI’s introduction of “Unhinged Mode” in Grok-2, a beta feature described as intentionally “objectionable, inappropriate, and offensive, much like an amateur stand-up comic who is still learning the craft.” (Concluding remarks, page 8) more

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Me, myself and AI: Understanding and safeguarding children’s use of AI chatbots

London: Internet Matters (2025), 56 pp.

"This report explores how children are interacting with AI chatbots, which are computer programmes designed to simulate conversation with a person. Our findings show that while these tools can offer clear benefits, such as 24/7 learning support and a non-judgemental space to ask questions, they pose ... more

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WorldCat (151)

Gefühle der Zukunft: Wie wir mit emotionaler KI unser Leben verändern

Eva Weber-Guskar

Bonn: Bundeszentrale für politische Bildung (bpb), Sonderausg. (2024), 271 pp.

"Längst ist Künstliche Intelligenz nicht mehr auf kognitive Zwecke begrenzt: Sie wertet, etwa zur Kriminalitätsprävention oder gezielten Kundenansprache, menschliche Mimik aus und suggeriert in Spielen oder Lernprogrammen Emotionen und Stimmungen. Erscheinen bereits solche auf Empfindungen ziele ... more

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5 Lessons Learned Running a Chatbot Service for Social Good
Deep Insights

Isabelle Amazon-Brown, David Cole

ICTworks (2024)

"ONE is a campaigning and advocacy organization focused on fighting extreme poverty and preventable diseases, particularly in Africa. ONE had been using mobile technologies to reach new audiences since 2012, leveraging SMS, USSD, IVR and mobile-optimized websites to provide a simple and easy for cit ... more

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Civil Society Chatbots: A Plurality of Conceptual Approaches

Sophie Toupin

International Journal of Communication, volume 18 (2024), pp. 947-966

"This article examines chatbots that have been developed by civil society for social, political, and/or cultural purposes. I ask what conceptual approaches have influenced the design of civil society chatbots and how these frameworks are actualized in practice. To do this, I first propose the concep ... more

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Using Radical Co-Design to Create and Develop a Technology-Based Solution to Improve Post-Release Outcomes for Formerly Incarcerated Women: LindaBot

Michele Jarldorn, Susannah Emery

International Journal of Communication, volume 18 (2024), pp. 1246-1265

"Most women exiting prison face profound disadvantages and are likely to struggle with poor mental and physical health. Rarely are women furnished with the resources needed to flourish post-release, and seemingly simple-sounding tasks like getting formal identification are quite complicated. The con ... more

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Chatbots in Humanitarian Contexts: Learning from Practitioner Experiences

Becky Kazansky, Olivia Johnson, Bárbara Paes

Geneva: International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (IFRC); The Engine Room (2023), 31 pp.

"Since the mid-2010s, chatbots have grown in usage and popularity across the humanitarian sector. While this usage has gained traction, there is scarce information on the collective successes, risks, and trade-offs of this automation. This research addresses this gap, documenting chatbot deployments ... more

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Building a Chatbot in a Pandemic

Kimberly Rambaud, Simon van Woerden, Leonardo Palumbo et al.

Journal of Medical Internet Research, volume 25, issue e42960 (2023), 8 pp.

"Easy access to evidence-based information on COVID-19 within an infodemic has been a challenging task. Chatbots have been introduced in times of emergency, when human resources are stretched thin and individuals need a user-centered resource. The World Health Organization Regional Office for Europe ... more

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Responsible AI in Africa: Challenges and Opportunities

Damian Okaibedi Eke, Kutoma Wakunuma, Simisola Akintoye (eds.)

Cham: Palgrave Macmillan (2023), xxi, 216 pp.

"This open access book contributes to the discourse of Responsible Artificial Intelligence (AI) from an African perspective. It is a unique collection that brings together prominent AI scholars to discuss AI ethics from theoretical and practical African perspectives and makes a case for African valu ... more

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Safer Chatbots: Implementation Guide

UNICEF (2022), 14 pp.

External Link (28)

Google Scholar (25)

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Minding the Future: Artificial Intelligence, Philosophical Visions and Science Fiction

Barry Dainton, Will Slocombe, Attila Tanyi (eds.)

Cham: Springer (2021), xiv, 287 pp.

"Bringing together literary scholars, computer scientists, ethicists, philosophers of mind, and scholars from affiliated disciplines, this collection of essays offers important and timely insights into the pasts, presents, and, above all, possible futures of Artificial Intelligence. This book covers ... more

„Hi, how may I assist you?” Chatbots for Better Service Delivery. Practical Guide, Applications and Principles in Development Cooperation Key Guides

5 Lessons Learned Running a Chatbot Service for Social Good Deep Insights

„Hi, how may I assist you?” Chatbots for Better Service Delivery. Practical Guide, Applications and Principles in Development Cooperation
Key Guides

5 Lessons Learned Running a Chatbot Service for Social Good
Deep Insights