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Clicks, Cabs, and Coffee Houses: Social Media and Oppositional Movements in Egypt, 2004–2011

Merlyna Lim

Journal of Communication, volume 62 (2012), pp. 231-248

"To deepen our understanding of the relationship between social media and political change during the Egyptian uprising of early 2011, events in Tahrir Square must be situated in a larger context of media use and recent history of online activism. For several years, the most successful social moveme ... more

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Political Activism 2.0: Comparing the Role of Social Media in Egypt’s “Facebook Revolution” and Iran’s “Twitter Uprising”

Mohammed El-Nawawy, Sahar Khamis

CyberOrient, volume 6, issue 1 (2012), pp. 8-33

"Social media, particularly blogging, Facebook and Twitter, have played a key role in instigating, accelerating and even organizing some of the uprisings and revolutions that have been taking place all over the Middle East. This role has been effective in galvanizing the youth and empowering them in ... more

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New Media and Conflict After the Arab Spring

Sean Aday, Henry Farrell, Marc Lynch, John Sides, Deen Freelon

Washington, DC: United States Institute of Peace (USIP) (2012), 24 pp.

"An extraordinary wave of popular protest swept the Arab world in 2011. Massive popular mobilization brought down long-ruling leaders in Tunisia and Egypt, helped spark bloody struggles in Bahrain, Libya, Syria, and Yemen, and fundamentally reshaped the nature of politics in the region. New media - ... more

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The Arab Spring is a Latin American Winter: TeleSUR’s “ideological Approach” and the Breakaway from the Al-Jazeera Network

Massimo Di Ricco

Global Media Journal - German Edition, volume 2, issue 1 (2012), 21 pp.

"The Arab Spring represents a breaking point in the cooperation between the pan-Latin American satellite television TeleSUR and Al-Jazeera. Even if in February TeleSUR firmly condemned the closure by Egyptian authorities of the Al-Jazeera Cairo offices, NATO military intervention in Libya and the be ... more

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The Media and the Making of the 2011 Egyptian Revolution

Amr Osman, Marwa Abdel Samei

Global Media Journal - German Edition, volume 2, issue 1 (2012), 19 pp.

"While views may differ on the factors that made the 2011 Egyptian revolution possible, the role of mass media will remain undisputable. The Internet-based social networks caught the Mubarak regime by surprise, and the popular disillusionment with the‘national’ media led the public to turn to pr ... more

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Media Monitoring of the Transitional Phase in Egypt: The Supreme Council of Armed Forces, Justice System, Parties and Elections, July 2011 - January 2012

Arabic Network for Human Rights Information; Egyptian Organization for Human Rights; International Media Support (IMS); Arab Working Group for Media Monitoring (2012), 132 pp.

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The Role of the Internet in Shaping the Political Process in Egypt

Nahed Amin Azab

International Journal of E-politics (IJEP), volume 3, issue 2 (2012), 21 pp.

"There has been a growing debate about the extent to which the Internet influenced the Arab World’s recent revolutions described as the “Arab Spring”. This belief that the Internet had a contribution is supported by several events and evidences that occurred prior to these revolutions and prov ... more

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Digital Media in the Arab World: One Year After the Revolutions

Jeffrey Ghannam

Washington, DC: Center for International Media Assistance (CIMA) (2012), 31 pp.

"Following the revolutions, the battle for the Arab blogosphere has turned from being a competition over accessing the Internet and circumventing government controls to a cyberwar for the predominant narrative through Facebook, Twitter, and traditional media [...] Social media is reinvigorating trad ... more

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Major Trends of Media Development During Post-Communist Transition

Ilda Londo

Berlin: Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung (FES) (2012), 14 pp.

"Even though the Albanian media is relatively young, it went through a dynamic and fast development. Unlike other countries in the region, the change of the political system in 1991 not only led to the end of media monopolization by the government, but also to the disappearance of nearly all existin ... more

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The New Tunisian Legislative Framework: A Focus on Press and Audiovisual Media

Joan Barata Mir

Internews (2012), 15 pp.

This report analyzes the most important trends of two recent major laws aimed at regulating free speech and media issues in Tunisia: Decree 115 of 2011 (Decree 115/2011), on the Press, Printing and Publishing, and Decree 116 of 2011 (Decree 116/2011), on the Freedom of Audiovisual Communication and ... more

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Altering Courses in Unknown Waters: Interaction Between Traditional and New Media During the First Months of the Syrian Uprising

Lorenzo Trombetta

Global Media Journal - German Edition, volume 2, issue 1 (2012), 13 pp.

"This paper aims at investigating the relationship between traditional and social media during the first six months of the Syrian uprising. Thanks to direct testimony made available to the author by various cyber activists inside and outside Syria and through constant monitoring of the official prop ... more

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Central and Eastern European Media in Comparative Perspective: Politics, Economy and Culture

John Downey, Sabina Mihelj (eds.)

Surrey; Burlington, Vt.: Ashgate (2012), xii, 199 pp.

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Tunisian Media in Transition

Fatima El-Issawi

Washington, DC: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace (2012), 27 pp.

"The Tunisian media is still a venue for manipulation, intimidation, and bias. Media outlets are becoming the main stage for the fierce political and ideological battle between the country’s opposing camps: conservative Islamists and secular elitists. Ennahda, the Islamist winner of the first free ... more

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Deepening Shadows: The Eclipse of Press Rights in Kyrgyzstan

Eric Freedman

Global Media and Communication, volume 8, issue 1 (2012), pp. 47-64

"In March 2005, a relatively nonviolent uprising ousted an authoritarian president in the former Soviet republic of Kyrgyzstan. In the aftermath of the so-called Tulip Revolution, press rights advocates and journalists welcomed the promise of greatly enhanced freedoms. However, the new regime proved ... more

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Strategic Communications in Afghanistan’s Transition Context

Jamil Seddiqui

Swansea: Swansea University, Thesis (2012), v, 64 pp.

"Following a decade of extensive international involvement and arduous fighting, Afghanistan is currently going through a significant Transition intended to enable Afghans to assume responsibility for their own security, development and governance. In addition to opportunities, this process provides ... significant challenges to the Afghan society and its development partners. This study raises awareness of the role and potential of strategic communications to address some of these challenges and aid Afghanistan’s Transition objectives beyond the timeframe set for 2014. In treatment of this topic, this study provides a theoretical and historical overview of communication for development, Afghanistan’s pre- and post-2001 situation with reference to the use of important channels of modern and traditional communications, and examines pertinent perspectives on the importance of strategic communications, particularly in strengthening Afghanistan’s Transition context. In addition, this study focuses on the contribution of strategic communication in non-security matters, particularly governance and peace promotion, and identifies some major challenges where the potential of strategic communications to contribute has remained underexploited. Drawing on these discussions, the results indicates that, in spite of some measures put to the fore, the Afghan government lacks an overarching strategic communications framework integrating multi-media, multi-outlet and public outreach to help in achieving the Transition goal; a stable Afghan state. Pointing clearly to the need for such an integrated campaign, the dissemination of negative perspectives, such as that suggesting that Afghanistan would collapse after 2004, has given space to insurgents propaganda, a challenge which can be addressed through effective strategic communications. In the conclusions, this study argues on the importance of strategic communications as an strategic tool to aid Afghanistan development agenda particularly in the Transition context and presents some practical recommendations to the Afghan government and its deployment partners for effective use of strategic communications in view of a holistic approach aimed the strengthening development of Afghanistan and particularly the Transition process." (Abstract) more

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Burmese Media Spring

Benjamin Ismail

Paris: Reporters Without Borders (2012), 35 pp.

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The Media of Afghanistan: The Challenges of Transition
Deep Insights

David Page, Shirazuddin Siddiqi

London: BBC Media Action (2012), 27 pp.

"[...] Afghanistan is a fragile, fractured state and has one of the most fragile and fractured media, where almost anyone with sufficient funds and the opportunity to move quickly has been able to establish a media presence. This environment has enabled the flourishing of television, radio and other ... media established and owned by powerful political and religious leaders, or by those with allegiance to them. Some fear a future of increased ethnic, sectarian and factional strife being played out through the airwaves. Though there are some very successful commercial television channels, there is no independent and widely trusted national media capable of transcending or creating communication across the fracture points in Afghan society. Most media is either localised or seen as serving political, religious or other agendas. The future of the national broadcaster, RTA, still the only broadcaster with a truly national presence, is uncertain. While journalism as a whole has expanded greatly, investigative journalism remains limited. The sustainability of the newly established commercial media is widely questioned. With the total annual advertising market in the country estimated by some at little more than $20 million, there are real concerns that if donor support declines much of the media will wither or fall prey to factional, religious or extreme forces. There is no shortage of such forces. A number of media outlets already play upon ethnic and sectarian tensions. The Taliban, notorious when in power for shutting down media and banning video tape, have embraced the web and run one of the most effective media strategies in the country. In 2012, the mood music is one of compromise with the Taliban. Concern in the country is growing that new found media freedoms may be the price of that compromise. The role of donors in media support in Afghanistan is probably greater than in any other country at any other time. Such support is largely responsible for the development of a substantial media sector, but it faces criticism that it is poorly coordinated, short term and not informed by aid effectiveness principles; that it focuses too heavily on advancing the agendas of the donors; and that in some sectors it is distorting the media market in ways that create dependency and inhibit the development of genuinely sustainable Afghan media ventures." (Executive summary) more

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The Role of Social Media in Mobilizing Political Protest: Evidence from the Tunisian Revolution

Anita Breuer

Bonn: Deutsches Institut für Entwicklungspolitik (2012), 31 pp.

"Drawing on evidence from the popular protests in Tunisia between December 2010 and January 2011, expert interviews with Tunisian bloggers, and a web survey conducted among Tunisian Facebook users, this paper argues that social media (1) allowed a “digital elite” to form personal networks and ci ... more

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Proteste im Sommer 2011: Was hat die "Revolution durch das soziale Netz" erreicht?

Anna Shirokanova

Belarus-Analysen, issue 3 (2011), pp. 2-7

"Spontane Proteste, die über soziale Netzwerke organisiert werden, haben das politische Leben Belarus’ in Aufruhr versetzt. Die Bewegung, die diese Proteste organisierte, bediente sich – im Vergleich zu anderen politischen Kräften – innovativer Methoden und konnte eine Vielzahl neuer Mitglie ... more

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Civil Society 2.0? How the Internet Changes State-Society Relations in Authoritarian Regimes: The Case of Cuba

Bert Hoffmann

Hamburg: German Institute of Global and Area Studies (GIGA) (2011), 31 pp.

The Media of Afghanistan: The Challenges of Transition Deep Insights

The Media of Afghanistan: The Challenges of Transition
Deep Insights