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User empowerment against disinformation online
Strasbourg: European Audiovisual Observatory (2022), 66 pp.
"This publication describes the many ways in which public authorities and private enterprises empower users against disinformation online. The first chapter sets the scene by discussing relevant concepts, such as mis-, dis- and malinformation, empowerment, and media literacy. It further discusses th
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Regulation of Harmful Content Online in Bosnia and Herzegovina: Between Freedom of Expression and Harms to Democracy
Sarajevo: Mediacentar; UNESCO (2022), 108 pp.
"The study specifically focuses on five types of harmful content: a) hate speech and hate narratives; b) denials of war crimes and glorification of war criminals; c) ethno-nationally and/or politically biased media reporting; d) disinformation; and e) attacks, threats and smear campaigns against ind
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National Regulatory and Self-Regulatory Framework Against Hate Speech and Disinformation: Factsheet Montenegro
Ljubljana: South East European Network for Professionalization of Media (SEENPM); Peace Institute; Montenegro Media Institute (2021), 19 pp.
"Competent institutions should react in case of spreading hate speech and introduce appropriate measures to combat the spread of disinformation, which would serve as a middle ground between arresting those who spread disinformation and a too passive approach to this problem. In addition to this, the
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National Regulatory and Self-Regulatory Framework Against Hate Speech and Disinformation: Factsheet Kosovo
Ljubljana: South East European Network for Professionalization of Media (SEENPM) (2021), 13 pp.
"Regarding media and information literacy, the Kosovo Government and relevant education institutions, such as the Ministry of Education, should urgently introduce subjects that will be taught in school to provide a better understanding of the media and information literacy. Kosovo’s educational in
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Disinformation and freedom of opinion and expression: Report of the Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of the right to freedom of opinion and expression
Deep Insights
United Nations, General Assembly (2021), 20 pp.
"In the present report, the Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of the right to freedom of opinion and expression examines the threats posed by disinformation to human rights, democratic institutions and development processes. While acknowledging the complexities and challenges posed
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Desinformation: Risiken, Regulierungslücken und adäquate Gegenmaßnahmen
Deep Insights
Düsseldorf: Landesanstalt für Medien NRW; Hans-Bredow-Institut (2021), 97 pp.
"Auf der Grundlage der identifizierten Schutzlücken erarbeitet das Gutachten mögliche Gegenmaßnahmen und beschreibt die nötigen Wirkungsvoraussetzungen. Die zentrale Frage lautet: Welche Risikopotenziale für individuelle und gesellschaftliche Interessen weist Desinformation auf und welche Gover
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Fighting Fake News: A Study of Online Misinformation Regulation in the Asia Pacific
Melbourne: La Trobe University (2021), xvi, 117 pp.
Regulating Disinformation in Europe: Implications for Speech and Privacy
UC Irvine Journal of International, Transnational, and Comparative Law, volume 6 (2021), pp. 9-36
"This article examines the ongoing dynamics in the regulation of disinformation in Europe, focusing on the intersection between the right to freedom of expression and the right to privacy. Importantly, there has been a recent wave of regulatory measures and other forms of pressure on online platform
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National Regulatory and Self-Regulatory Framework Against Hate Speech and Disinformation: Factsheet Bosnia and Herzegovina
Lubljana; Sarajevo: South East European Network for Professionalization of Media (SEENPM); Peace Institute; Mediacentar (2021), 29 pp.
"The legislative framework for the regulation of hate speech in BiH is fragmented and unaligned with European standards, and there are few cases of its processing. Ways to combat disinformation mainly rely on self-regulatory frameworks and fact-checking platforms, and there are no comprehensive stra
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National Regulatory and Self-Regulatory Framework Against Hate Speech and Disinformation: Factsheet Serbia
Ljubljana: South East European Network for Professionalization of Media (SEENPM) (2021), 26 pp.
"In the process of accession to the European Union, Serbia is harmonizing laws with the EU legislation. In this process, the majority of regulations related to the prevention of hate speech and the spread of disinformation generally meet standards or are in the process of being amended. This factshe
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National Regulatory and Self-Regulatory Framework Against Hate Speech and Disinformation: Factsheet Turkey
Ljubljana: South East European Network for Professionalization of Media (SEENPM) (2021), 14 pp.
"The current legislation should include a direct expression of hate speech and expand the scope of hate speech in terms of person and subject as much as possible. The anti-discrimination state bodies should focus on protecting the human rights of the most vulnerable groups, broadening legal protecti
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Misinformation Policy in Sub-Saharan Africa: From Laws and Regulations to Media Literacy
London: University of Westminster Press (2021), 220 pp.
"The volume first examines the teaching of media literacy in state-run schools in seven Sub-Saharan African countries as of mid-2020, as relates to misinformation. It explains the limited elements of broad media and information literacy (MIL) included in the curricula in the seven countries studied
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Tackling Disinformation and Infodemics Demands Media Policy Changes
Digital Journalism, volume 8, issue 6 (2020), pp. 855-863
"Disinformation and infodemics have been central for the media policy agenda in most countries and in particular in Europe. Yet, the European Commission has had a soft law approach centralizing obligations to handling information disorder on a content level. This commentary argues that by focusing p
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Tackling Disinformation: EU Regulation of the Digital Space
Romanian Journal of European Affairs, volume 20, issue 1 (2020), pp. 5-20
"This paper provides an overview of current responses to fake news and digital disinformation inside and outside the EU, and assesses the advantages and disadvantages of each solution. Four approaches emerge: (1) self-regulation (i.e. actions undertaken on a voluntary basis by the digital platforms)
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Strengthening Media Freedom: The Protection of Journalists in Europe, Hate Speech, Disinformation and the Role of Platforms
European Parliament (2020), 20 pp.
"European Parliament resolution of 25 November 2020 on strengthening media freedom: the protection of journalists in Europe, hate speech, disinformation and the role of platforms (2020/2009(INI))." (Introduction)
Tabloid Journalism and Press Freedom in Africa
Cham: Palgrave Macmillan (2020), x, 184 pp.
"This book studies tabloid journalism newspapers within the broader context of press freedom in Africa. After defining tabloid journalism and professional practices within various political contexts, the book then proceeds to consider tabloids in Southern Africa and emerging cyberspace laws. Many fa
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Defending freedom of expression: Fake news laws in East and Southeast Asia
Deep Insights
Bangkog; Manila: Asia Centre; Council of Asian Liberals and Democrats (CALD). (2020), 61 pp.
"This report compares the impact of legislation in countries with multiparty legislatures and independent government institutions, and countries with one dominant political force and an absence of independent national institutions. It finds that in the former countries, provisions are included to sa
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Regulación para combatir la desinformación: Estudio de ocho casos internacionales y recomendaciones para un enfoque democrático
Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung (FES) (2020), 32 pp.
"El análisis revela los desafíos al proceso de construcción de soluciones reguladoras que protejan derechos y sean efectivas para promover el acceso a información confiable. La desinformación está profundamente entrelazada con los procesos políticos y sociales, y no es posible pensar en soluc
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"1) Any definition of disinformation in legislation or other regulation, such as regulatory guidance, must take into account the serious implications for freedom of expression and media freedom. Particularly to the extent that provisions on disinformation have been adopted in criminal law, a precise
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