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Die Lage der Medien in Serbien

Christiana Christova, Dirk Förger

KAS Auslandsinformationen, issue 2 (2009), pp. 95-126

"Die Lage der Medien in Serbien ist trotz positiver Tendenzen in jüngster Zeit keineswegs befriedigend. Nach dem Fall des Kommunismus und dem Auseinanderbrechen des ehemaligen Jugoslawien folgten in der Region Kriege, Abspaltungen und erbitterte ethnische Konflikte. Der aggressive Nationalismus Mil ... more

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Die Medien in Mazedonien

Vladimir Zlatarsky, Dirk Förger

KAS Auslandsinformationen, issue 7-8 (2009), pp. 62-80

"On World Press Freedom Day, about 200 journalists met in the Macedonian capital of Skopje in May 2009 to protest against unfair trials of journalists and pillory political pressure and the level of press freedom in general. To be sure, Macedonia’s constitution guarantees freedom of opinion and th ... e press. Moreover, laws such as the electronic media act of 2005 and the radio act do allow a certain latitude for journalists. Yet problems remain: many media depend on the state, wages are low, journalist training is defective, and outrages against reporters are still happening. Macedonia’s secession from ex-Yugoslavia in 1991 did not bring domestic unity. One enduring problem is the tension between the Macedonian majority and the Albanian minority. The armed conflict between the army and Albanian separatists was resolved only by the Ochrid agreement (OFA). Today, the country is a parliamentary democracy endeavouring to join the EU and NATO. Yet the Atlantic Alliance did not issue an invitation to the 2008 Bucharest summit, probably because of the ethnic tension and persistent corruption in the country and the unresolved dispute with Greece over the name Macedonia. Headed by Nikola Gruevski, the coalition of civil and Albanian forces that currently governs the country continues to steer a course towards Europe, but it is confronted by great challenges: high unemployment, an extensive shadow economy, murky relations between politics and the economy, and the uneasy coexistence of ethnic groups. All this is echoed by the media of the country. The total number of Macedonian print media can only be estimated; it is said that there are around 750. The most powerful newspaper group is the one owned by the Westdeutsche Allgemeine Zeitung (WAZ) which acquired three products called ”Dnevnik”, ”Utrinski vestnik” and ”Vest” in May 2003. Founded in 1996, Dnevnik boasts the highest circulation. The paper itself states that it is printing 55,000 copies a day, having broken the monopoly of the former ’state paper’ ”Nova Makedonija”. Good style and up-to-date coverage brought new readers. With a circulation of 30,000, ”Vest” belongs to the yellow-press category. Printed in 8,000 copies, ”Utrinski vestnik” mainly offers analyses and comments. Even privatization could not prevent the fall of ”Nova Makedonija”, the mouthpiece of the communists before independence. These days, it is barely hanging on with a circulation of 3,000. The eponymous company also owns ”Vecer” (circulation 3,000) and the Turkish-language ”Birlik”. Established in Sofia in 2004, the immensely popular ”Vreme” has meanwhile reached a circulation of 10,000, appearing also on Sundays under the name of ”Nedelno vreme”. ”Fakti”, the leading paper published in the Albanian language, appears also in the Kosovo. At the same time, two Kosovan-language papers are being published in Macedonia, ”Koha Ditore” and ”Lajme”. About 60 weeklies are being printed in Macedonia, of which many appear at irregular intervals and face great financial problems. However, all the country’s print media stand in need of financial transparency. The considerable pressure exerted by the state on the media, mostly through paid advertisements, adversely affects the choice and quality of information. Moreover, the special advantages enjoyed by established houses make it even more difficult for new independent papers to enter the market. In 1997, the Council for Electronic Media (CEM) was established to monitor radio and television channels, protect pluralism and the freedom of opinion, and safeguard the independence of all media. Although CEM members are nominated by renowned institutions, they are all appointed by parliament in the end, a procedure which Freedom House regards as problematic. Currently, there are six media institutes that hold broadcasting licences: MTV, a public-service channel, A1 TV, Alsat-M, Kanal 5, Sitel, and Telma. A1 TV, the market leader that was launched in 1993 as Macedonia’s first private channel, attracted 23.7 percent of the viewing public in 2007. Next in line at 12.3 percent is Sitel, which has been mainly airing entertainment programmes since 1993. Kanal 5 has a market share of 7.6 percent, while Telma has 3.9. Launched in 2006, Alsat-M airs programmes in the Albanian language, swiftly winning over 86 percent of the country’s Albanian population. At 52, the number of TV stations is high for a small country like Macedonia, although the funding question remains moot in many cases. At a total of 62, radio stations are also fairly numerous, although only four of them hold a national licence. Because of the growing importance of television and, to an even greater extent, the internet, the number of listeners has been declining in recent years. On a regional and local scale, however, radio stations, two of which are transmitting Albanian-language programmes, still retain their importance. Among the country’s news agencies, Makfax has established itself as a reputable source. Founded in 1992, the agency also reports in Albanian and English. Makedonski Informativen Centar, another private agency, was established in 2007. Founded in 1992 on the initiative of parliament, Makedonska Informativna Agencia also offers trilingual service. Portal Total supplies business news every day. Finally, the internet has become a major source of information thanks to the online editions of various papers and journals. The charges made in May of this year appear justified. In the view of Freedom House, the media in Macedonia are only ’partially free’. Outrages are still being committed on journalists for whose protection associations have been founded, although these are ethnically divided and hardly cooperate at all. Thus, the Association of Journalists exists side by side with the Association of Albanian Journalists. The associations will have their work cut out to protect their own members from physical or legal persecution and lay abuses before the public: in May 2006, for example, a court in Kumanova sentenced Mr Bozinovski, an investigative journalist, to three months’ imprisonment for libel and defamation after he had written an article exposing the links between politics, business, and journalism. Although Mr Bozinovski’s article was written three years ago, and the libel clause on which the proceedings were based had been struck from the code days before the sentence, the court obviously wanted to finish the case under the ’old law’. The prisoner owes his premature release only to the pressure exerted by the EU and Amnesty International. Reports about attacks on Albanian journalists are piling up as well: in September 2007, for example, a reporter of the Albanian-language Alsat-M television channel had his camera forcibly torn from him when he filmed policemen who had aroused the rage of villagers by stopping the car of an MP who was involved in a parliamentary scandal. When he refused to hand over his camera, the journalist was knocked down by policemen. The electronic media act adopted in 2005 was intended to protect pluralism from cartels. Thus, the owner of one electronic medium is not prohibited from acquiring an interest in another. What he may not do, however, is acquire an interest in a company which owns a print medium or is active in advertizing, telecommunications, or the film industry. Once again, however, there is a gap between theory and practice, all the more so as many Macedonian TV channels belong to influential enterprises which, in turn, are closely related to political parties." (Executive summary). more

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Popular Culture in a Globalised India

K. Moti Gokulsing, Wimal Dissanayake (eds.)

London; New York: Routledge (2009), xviii, 285 pp.

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Golpe de radio: Los 3 días que transmitimos peligrosamente

José Ignacio López Vigil

Quito: Asociación Latinoamericana de Educación Radiofónica (ALER), 2nd ed. (2009), 114 pp.

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Perspectives to the Media in Russia: "Western" Interests and Russian Developments

Elena Vartanova, Hannu Nieminen, Mina-Mari Salminen (eds.)

Helsinki: Aleksanteri Institute (2009), 327 pp.

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Mídia, política e mercado na sociedade moçambicana: O setor televisivo aberto

João Miguel

São Leopoldo: Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos, Doctoral Thesis (2008), 189 pp.

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La communication et l'exercice de la démocratie en Afrique

Jean-Baptiste Paluku Ndavaro

Paris: L'Harmattan (2008), 254 pp.

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The Media in Latin America
Deep Insights

Jairo Lugo-Ocando (ed.)

Maidenhead: Open University Press (2008), xiv, 275 pp.

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The Media and Political Change in Southeast Asia: Karaoke Culture and the Evolution of Personality Politics

Jonathan Woodier

Cheltenham; Northampton: Edward Elgar Publishing (2008), vii, 368 pp.

"Examining the communications media and its relationship to political change in Southeast Asia, this study endeavours to provide both a regional comparative analysis and an interpretation of the mass communication media in the wake of 9/11." (Publisher description)

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Presse privée écrite en Afrique francophone: Enjeux démocratiques

Mor Faye

Paris: L'Harmattan (2008), 397 pp.

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Introduction to Media and Politics

Sarah Oates

London: Sage (2008), ix, 230 pp.

"This highly accessible text compares media institutions and political experiences in countries around the world, including the United States, the United Kingdom, and Russia, to enable students to think critically about the central questions in the study of media and politics. The book balances cont ... more

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Le rôle politique de la presse au Brésil: De l'élection à la réélection de Lula

Giancarlo Summa

Paris: Éditions de l'IHEAL (2008), 197 pp.

"Le président brésilien Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva n’a jamais eu de relations faciles avec la presse de son pays. Cette dernière a en effet appuyé, en grande majorité, le coup d’État qui a mené à la dictature militaire (1964-1985), et mis, depuis le rétablissement de la démocratie, tou ... more

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Massenmedien als politische Akteure: Konzepte und Analysen

Barbara Pfetsch, Silke Adam (eds.)

Wiesbaden: VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften (2008), 286 pp.

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Politics, Religion and the Media: The Transformation of the Public Sphere in Senegal

Frank Wittmann

Media, Culture & Society, volume 30, issue 3 (2008), pp. 479-494

"Senegal is said to be a democratic model for Africa. This reputation was promoted by the former presidents Senghor and Diouf (both Socialist Party), and confirmed through the democratic change of government to the Senegalese Democratic Party under its leader Wade in 2000. Ostensibly, the successful ... more

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Television in India: Satellites, Politics and Cultural Change

Nalin Mehta (ed.)

New York: Routledge (2008), ix, 170 pp.

"This book examines the development of television in India since the early 1990s, and its implications for Indian society more widely. Until 1991, India possessed only a single state-owned television channel, but since then there has been a rapid expansion in independent satellite channels which cam ... more

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Antología de comunicación para el cambio social: Lecturas históricas y contemporáneas
Deep Insights

Alfonso Gumucio Dagron, Thomas Tufte (comps.)

South Orange, New Jers.; La Paz: Consorcio de Comunicación para el Cambio Social (CFSC); Plural Editores (2008), 1413 pp.

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Fernsehen und politischer Wandel in der Republik Moldova: Eine kommunikationsgeschichtliche Analyse zur Medienpolitik 1986-2005

Marina Dumbrava

Leipzig: Leipziger Universitätsverlag (2008), 328 pp.

"Die Beziehungen zwischen Politik und Medien können sich innerhalb von Demokratien höchst unterschiedlich gestalten, denn die politischen Kulturen der jeweiligen Staaten durchdringen in hohem Maße deren Medienstrukturen. Wie sich dieses Verhältnis in den post-sowjetischen Transformationsgesellsc ... more

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Zur Situation der Medien in Rumänien

Christiana Christova, Dirk Förger

KAS Auslandsinformationen, issue 8-9 (2008), pp. 43-67

"Von einer konsolidierten Medienlandschaft ist Rumänien noch entfernt. Gewiss, die Pressefreiheit hat sich nach 2004 verbessert und die Verfassung spricht von Gewissens-, Meinungs- und Religionsfreiheit, verbietet Zensur und sichert das Recht auf Information. Doch hört „freie Meinungsäußerung� ... more

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Media, Culture and Society in Iran: Living with Globalization and the Islamic State

Mehdi Semati (ed.)

London; New York: Routledge (2008), xii, 277 pp.

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The KAS Democracy Report 2008: Media and Democracy, Vol. 2

Karsten Grabow, Christian E. Rieck (eds.)

Sankt Augustin; Berlin: Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung (KAS) (2008), 228 pp.

The Media in Latin America Deep Insights

Antología de comunicación para el cambio social: Lecturas históricas y contemporáneas Deep Insights

The Media in Latin America
Deep Insights

Antología de comunicación para el cambio social: Lecturas históricas y contemporáneas
Deep Insights