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Strengthening Public Trust in the Media as a Response to Disinformation and Propaganda

Milica Bogdanovic

Podgorica: South East European Network for Professionalization of Media (SEENPM) (2021), 27 pp.

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In Media We (Dis)trust: Mapping Citizens' Concerns Over Media in Kosovo

Jeton Mehmeti

Ljubljana: South East European Network for Professionalization of Media (SEENPM) (2021), 28 pp.

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Six Ways to Incorporate Social Context and Trust in Infodemic Management

S. Ripoll, J. Cole, O. Tulloch, M. Schmidt-Sane, T. Hrynick

Brighton: Social Science in Humanitarian Action Platform (SSHAP) (2021), 5 pp.

"Building trust in public health authorities and epidemic response takes time and is an ongoing process. However, in the short term, mistrust can be mitigated by responding in contextually appropriate ways through meaningful community engagement: 1. Use social science to understand the socio-economi ... more

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Shaped by Trauma, History and Hope: Audiences’ Perceptions of Social Cohesion Coverage in Ninewah, Iraq

Aida Kaisy

Media in Cooperation and Transition (MiCT) (2021), 41 pp.

"This research analysis aims to assess perceptions of media coverage of social cohesion in Ninewah and understand how content is consumed and assessed by audiences in the province. What this report has demonstrated is that while there is a distrust of the media at a national level, local media are p ... more

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Digital News Report 2021

Nic Newman, Richard Fletcher, Anne Schulz, Simge Andi, Craig T. Robertson, Rasmus Kleis Nielsen (eds.)

Oxford: Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism (2021), 163 pp.

"This year's report reveals new insights about digital news consumption based on a YouGov survey of over 92,000 online news consumers in 46 markets including India, Indonesia, Thailand, Nigeria, Colombia and Peru for the first time. The report looks at the impact of coronavirus on news consumption a ... more

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Port-Au-Prince Information Ecosystem Assessment

Internews; Panos Caribbean (2020), 70 pp.

"Key finding 1: A trusted thirdperson is the most important information provider. When asked for their main source of information, family, friends, and religious leaders accounted for 89% of the response choices combined. Additionally, 97% stated they trust their family and friends. Key finding 2: S ... ocial media, the new player in the game? Even though radio remains the main channel of information used by the population (76%) – followed by television (48%) – WhatsApp (29%) and Facebook (28%) combined total 57% of respondents’ choice. Moreover, among participants who have Internet access, the leading applications to receive news areWhatsApp (82%) and Facebook (70%). Key finding 3: News on current events and sports are the most preferred content in traditional media channels. Participants mostly responded they like to see “news on current events” and “sports news” in traditional media channels. Radio listeners mostly enjoy “news on current events” (61%), newspapers readers like to read about “news on current events” (65%) and “sports” (33%), and television consumers mostly favor “news on current events” (49%) and “sports” (37%). Sports are ahead of educational and/or health programs in all types of media. Key finding 4: Residents in Port-au-Prince have unmet information needs. When asked about the information they need the most – at the time –, 52% of participants selected “how to find a job”, followed closely by “general news about what is happening in the country including COVID-19” (51%). Respondents also mentioned the need for information on “access to food and drinking water” (48%), as well as information about the “security situation in Port-au-Prince” (47%). Key finding 5: Information consumers are not passive actors: trust and relevance are key points. Content and source are the two main factors affecting the information ecosystem in Port-auPrince. Even among their preferred source of information – family and friends – or their preferred channel – radio –, trust is not blindly granted. In the focus groups, participants point out the lack of training of journalists, the fact that many confuse facts with opinions or place greater value in sensationalism, often leading to unsubstantiated claims and misinformation [...]" (Pages 5-14) more

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What We Think We Know and What We Want to Know: Perspectives on Trust in News in a Changing World

Benjamin Toff, Sumitra Badrinathan, Camila Mont’Alverne, Amy Ross Arguedas, Richard Fletcher, Rasmus Kleis Nelsen

Oxford: Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism (2020), 26 pp.

"Trust in news has eroded worldwide. According to the Reuters Institute’s Digital News Report 2020, fewer than four in ten people (38%) across 40 markets say they typically trust most news. While trust has fallen by double digit margins in recent years in many places, including Brazil and the Unit ... ed Kingdom, in other countries more stable overall trends conceal stark and growing partisan divides. Why is trust eroding, how does it play out across different contexts and different groups, what are the implications, and what might be done about it? These are the organising questions behind the Trust in News Project. This report is the first of many we will publish from the project over the next three years. Because trust is a relationship between trustors and trustees, we anticipate focusing primarily on audiences and the way they think about trust, but we begin the project by taking stock of how those who study journalism and those who practice it think about the subject [...] We focus on media environments in four democracies – Brazil, India, the United Kingdom, and the United States. These countries encompass both the Global South and North, with a range of cultural heterogeneity and political practices that vary in their partisan and populist tendencies. For our purposes, one of the most important differences across these countries is in how audiences have integrated digital and social media practices into how they consume news. Whereas public social networking sites such as Facebook and Twitter have rapidly become key conduits of information in democracies worldwide, many of those we interviewed pointed to the popularity of encrypted messaging services like WhatsApp, specifically in Brazil and India, which have combined with deficits in digital literacy to serve as a ‘breeding ground’ for misinformation and disinformation (Chakrabarti et al. 2018). As Irineu Machado, head of content delivery at UOL (Brazil), told us, audiences increasingly ‘distrust organisations who traditionally’ cover news and ‘distrust information in general’, and some rely not just on public social networking sites but also private groups and messaging applications [...] This report is divided into two main sections. First, we outline important lessons from existing research and practitioners’ observations on trust in news. Second, we identify outstanding questions that we expect will guide our project in the years ahead." (Introduction) more

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Report: The Perception of COVID-19 Communication in West Africa (non-Sahel)

Abuja: UNESCO (2020), 25 pp.

"According to the respondents (522 respondents), people pay most attention to "prevention methods from COVID-19" (3.82 out of the full score 5). On the contrary, the respondents pay relatively less attention to "Pandemic Statistics (local, national, and international)" (3.55 out of the full score 5) ... more

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Healthy Scepticism Across the Board: A Study on Media Perception in Sudan

Aida Kaisy

Berlin: Media in Cooperation and Transition (MiCT) (2020), 18 pp.

"Social media is the most dominant source of news, with television and radio both declining in popularity amongst young audiences. Social media is popular due to its accessibility and speed of reporting events. Countering the commonly high popularity of radio in Africa, radio was seen as outdated an ... more

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Vertrauen in Journalismus in Deutschland: Eine Typologie der Skeptiker

Fabian Prochazka, Wolfgang Schweiger

Media Perspektiven, issue 4 (2020), pp. 196-206

"In einer repräsentativen Onlinebefragung wurden Ursachen und Ausprägungen von Medienvertrauen ermittelt. Bei allgemein hohen Vertrauenswerten zeigt rund ein Viertel der Befragten kritische Einstellungen gegenüber dem Journalismus. Die Journalismusskeptiker können in drei Typen unterschieden wer ... more

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Edelman Trust Barometer 2021: Confianza en México

Edelman (2020), 30 pp.

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Estudio: Medios de comunicación en coronavirus

Santiago de Chile: cadem (2020), 34 slides

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FactShala User Study: Executive Summary. Baseline Status of Internet Users in India

Internews; DataLEADS; fact India Media Literacy Network (2020), 29 pp.

"The study revealed some clear patterns about why people fall for misinformation, regardless of their age, gender or education level. Some of the key trends common across city and village respondents were: 1. Majority of the respondents do not question the source of the information, or assess if the ... more

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Independent Media Depend on You: Research Report

CESID

USAID; IREX; Agency Communis (2020), 19 pp.

"The research on audience behavior and the effects of Free Media Advocacy Campaign was conducted on a sample of 1,000 respondents, 25 to 55 years of age, and focused on the citizens’ viewpoint towards paying for media content (with the possibility of comparison to 2019 research) and evaluation of ... the campaign “Independent Media Depend on You” (IREX and Agency Communis). In terms of media consumption, respondents from 2019 generally spent more time with media than in the 2020 research. In addition, it is noticeable that respondents in both research cycles spent more time watching television and listening to the radio. The average time respondents spent per day watching television in 2020 was 108.6 minutes, while in 2019 the average time spent watching this media was 161.4 minutes. The average time respondents spent listening to the radio in the research conducted in 2020 is the same as the time spent watching TV (108.6 minutes), while in 2019, radio was the media respondents spent the most time listening to – 166.8 minutes. Social networks are the third most used media in terms of time spent on them per day (average time for 2020 – 87.6 minutes; average time for 2019 – 126.6 minutes). In fourth place are informative online portals and sites, while fifth place is print media with which respondents spend the least time per day (average time – 27 minutes). When it comes to citizens’ trust in media, it is evident that in both research cycles there is a greater distrust than a trust in the media, and this fits in the broader picture of citizen’s distrust in all civil society institutions. A total of 43% of respondents generally do not trust the media in Serbia at all – in 2020, while in 2019 the percentage was lower by two points (41%). On the other hand, a total of 22% of respondents stated that they have full confidence and that they mostly have trust in Serbian media, which is one percentage point more than in the research conducted in 2019. About a third of respondents had a neutral stance about trust in media (31% in 2020, 33% in 2019). A large percentage of respondents were not willing to pay for online content, however, when compared with 2019’s findings, SMS noticed that the willingness to pay for online content is more noticeable in 2020." (Summary) more

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Edelman Trust Barometer 2020: Global Report

Edelman (2020), 77 pp.

"The 2020 Edelman Trust Barometer reveals that despite a strong global economy and near full employment, none of the four societal institutions that the study measures—government, business, NGOs and media—is trusted. The cause of this paradox can be found in people’s fears about the future and ... more

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Digital News Report 2020

Nic Newman, Richard Fletcher, Anne Schulz, Simge Andi, Rasmus Kleis Nielsen (eds.)

Oxford: Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism (2020), 111 pp.

"The bulk of this report is based on data collected by a survey of more than 80,000 people in 40 markets and reflects media usage in January/February just before the coronavirus hit many of these countries. But the key trends that we document here, including changes in how people access news, low tr ... more

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Bolivia, COVID-19: Cómo pasamos la pandemia y qué nos depara el futuro

Instituto para el Desarrollo Rural de Sudamérica (IPDRS); Acción Cultural Loyola (ACLO) (2020), 42 pp.

"En el área rural, se ratifica la predominancia de la radio sobre los otros medios (59% escucha siempre o casi siempre), seguido muy de cerca de la televisión (56% mira televisión) y luego los medios digitales, el Facebook (41% se conecta) es más reconocido como un medio de información que el W ... hatsApp (36% utiliza la aplicación). En el área urbana predomina de lejos la televisión (70% siempre o casi siempre), seguida por el Facebook (60%), el WhatsApp (47%) y la Radio (33%). Un dato importante, es que los que no utilizan nunca los medios digitales en el área rural están aproximadamente entre el 33%; la radio y televisión, alrededor del 17%. En el área urbana quienes no utilizan la radio son un 20%, y la televisión, un 5%, y el promedio entre los que no utilizan Facebook ni WhatsApp es de 13% [...] Los medios por los que se informa del COVID-19, son más diversos y con características muy particulares por sector y por región. En general, la tendencia de los medios de comunicación es similar a los medios que se utilizan normalmente, aunque aquí hay una mayor predominancia de la televisión (26%), seguida por la radio (21%) y luego el Facebook (19%). Sin embargo, existen otros agentes que sumados hacen un 24%, esos son amigos / vecinos / familiares (7%), otros varios, entre ellos políticos: ONG (7%), dirigentes de organizaciones sociales (6%) y finalmente promotores de salud (4%). En algunos departamentos, estos otros medios, llegan o pasan del 20%, como es el caso de Cochabamba, Pando, Chuquisaca y el Beni. Aquí se ve más nítidamente la importancia de la radio y televisión, es creciente de acuerdo a los grupos de edad, los mayores la utilizan con mayor preferencia que los medios virtuales. Este grupo también se informa del COVID-19 en un significativo 30% por esos otros medios que se indicaron como son los amigos / vecinos / familiares, dirigentes de organizaciones sociales y finalmente promotores de salud [...] En general, la televisión es considerada el medio más confiabilidad (28%), la radio se mantiene cercana (24%), en cambio bajan los medios digitales como Facebook (15%), y WhatsApp (8%) se disputa la confiabilidad con los amigos / vecinos / familiares (7%), promotores de salud (7%), dirigentes de organizaciones sociales (6%) y finalmente las ONG (5%). Bajo ese criterio los políticos no lograron ni un punto porcentual. Existen nuevamente diferencias entre el área rural y urbana; en el área rural la confiabilidad se la lleva la radio con un 29% contra un 17% en el área urbana. En cambio, en el área urbana la televisión recibió un puntaje de confiabilidad del 33% de la población contra un 24% a la radio. El Facebook recibió una calificación de 20% en el área urbana y de 11% en el área rural." (Página 6-7) more

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Navigating the ‘infodemic’: How People in Six Countries Access and Rate News and Information About Coronavirus

Rasmus Kleis Nielsen, Richard Fletcher, Nic Newman, J. Scott Brennen, Philip N. Howard

Oxford: Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism (2020), 34 pp.

"In this report, we use survey data collected in late March and early April 2020 to document and understand how people in six countries (Argentina, Germany, South Korea, Spain, the UK, and the US) accessed news and information about COVID-19 in the early stages of the global pandemic, how they rate ... more

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Vertrauen in journalistische Medien aus Sicht der Rezipienten: Zum Einfluss von soziopolitischen und performanzbezogenen Erklärgrößen

Magdalena Obermaier

Wiesbaden: Springer VS (2020), xvi, 375 pp.

"Magdalena Obermaier untersucht in ihrer Studie, welche Faktoren das Vertrauen in journalistische Medien erklären. Dazu greift die Autorin insbesondere auf die psychologische, politologische und kommunikationswissenschaftliche (Vertrauens-) Forschung zurück und systematisiert mögliche Erklärgrö ... more

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Fake News: Understanding Media and Misinformation in the Digital Age

Melissa Zimdars, Kembrew McLeod (eds.)

Cambridge, Mass.; London: MIT Press (2020), xi, 395 pp.