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Harassment & Intimidation of Journalists
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Talking Back: Journalists Defending Attacks Against Their Profession in the Trump Era
Journalism Studies, volume 21, issue 11 (2020), pp. 1496–1513
"According to neo-institutional theory, the survival of institutions in society is predicated on a cultural discourse. Dubbed “the institutional myth,” this discourse reflects the core values, practices and aspirations of an institution and legitimizes its existence to internal and external stak
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Vibrant and safe media landscape in Ghana: Reality or mirage?
Journal of African Media Studies, volume 10, issue 2 (2020), pp. 92-120
"Despite widespread condemnation of assaults on journalists in Ghana and elsewhere in the past, there is increasing evidence of brutality against journalists. When perpetrators of such assaults go unpunished, it fosters a culture of impunity. The article throws searchlight on incidences of assaults
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A way to silence journalists? Estonian female journalists’ experiences with harassment and self-censorship
"The aim of the study is to investigate Estonian female journalists’ experiences with harassment resulting in self-censorship. We carried out three studies: one in 2015, a second in 2016 and a third one in 2018. The data were gathered by in-depth interviews (2015 and 2018), journalists’ diaries
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Online Harassment and Its Implications for the Journalist–Audience Relationship
Digital Journalism, volume 8, issue 8 (2020), pp. 1047-1067
"Amid growing threats to journalists around the world, this study examines the nature of online harassment, the types of journalists most likely to experience it, and the most common forms of response to such abuse. Through a representative survey of U.S. journalists, we find that nearly all journal
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Why are journalists threatened and killed? A portrait of neo-paramilitary anti-press violence in Colombia's Bajo Cauca
Journalism, volume 23, issue 4 (2020), pp. 841-857
"Anti-press violence in Colombia's Bajo Cauca is an inherent part of the structures, which underpin the region's alternative social (dis)order. Through ethnographic interviews with four members of Colombia's neo-paramilitary group, Los Urabenos, who have perpetrated attacks against journalists, this
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Types and Sources of Threats to Media Freedom in Uganda
In: Handbook of Research on Combating Threats to Media Freedom and Journalist Safety
Hershey, PA: IGI Global (2020), pp. 257-276
"This chapter contributes to journalism research from the Uganda's context by investigating the types and sources of threats to journalists' safety and media freedom in the country. The authors achieve this by examining relevant documents on the state of journalism in Uganda and interviewing journal
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Combating Bullets With a Pen: The Importance of Free Media and the Safety of Journalists for Building a Public Sphere for Democracy in Pakistan
In: Handbook of Research on Combating Threats to Media Freedom and Journalist Safety
Hershey, PA: IGI Global (2020), pp. 54-71
"Journalists have always faced restrictions on their freedom of speech and threats to their security in Pakistan. During Pakistan's 2018 general elections, the country's media was also managed and controlled to create a maligned public-sphere to misguide the Pakistani voters. Public sphere was malig
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Freedom of Expression in Times of Covid-19: Chilling Effect in Hungary and Serbia
Journal of Liberty and International Affairs, volume 6, issue 2 (2020), pp. 14-29
"New technologies have opened several risks to safety of journalists. More importantly, in the state of emergency caused by the Covid-19 outbreak, journalists and media actors have shifted their activities online more than ever, which also made them more prone to digital threats and attacks. In some
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Threats To Journalism Profession: Negotiations For Efficiency And Safe Practice
Journal of Communication and Media Studies, volume 1, issue 2 (2020), pp. 1-12
"Despite a plethora of threats such as funding, violence, ownership etc., challenging Journalism profession; amateurs who engage in the practice, seem to continually pose more threats. Amateurs arguably exacerbate the spread of fake and misleading information, disinformation, misinterpretation of is
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Work-related sexual harassment and coping techniques: The case of Indonesian female journalists
Media Asia, volume 47, issue 1-2 (2020), pp. 23-33
"Female journalists make up only between five to 10 percent of the total journalists in Indonesia. Consequently, this often gives women little bargaining power in the workplace. This research analyzes the prevalence and nature of sexual harassment experienced by Indonesian female journalists, as wel
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Constructing Silence: Processes of Journalistic (Self-)Censorship during Memoranda in Greece, Cyprus, and Spain
Media and Communication, volume 8, issue 1 (2020), pp. 15-26
"What are to be considered as threats against journalism? Whereas the literature on safety of journalists mainly discusses threats as part of armed conflicts, this article studies how other kinds of conflicts such as economic strangulation and the viability threat represent threats against journalis
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Mob Censorship: Online Harassment of US Journalists in Times of Digital Hate and Populism
Digital Journalism, volume 8, issue 8 (2020), pp. 1030-1046
"Rising numbers of online attacks against journalists have been documented globally. Female, minority reporters and journalists who cover issues interwoven with right-wing identity anchors have been primary targets. This trend reflects growing forms of mob censorship linked to the demonization of jo
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"In the middle of a global pandemic, as a wave of anti-racism activism sweeps the nation, conditions are rife for a spike in online hate and harassment. Tens of thousands have taken to the streets to protest police brutality while millions more socially distance at home, anxious and isolated, with e
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Professionalism, Safety Measures, and Threats: An Exploratory Approach
Paradigms, volume 14, issue 1 (2020), pp. 117-124
"All citizens have equal rights to lead their life in any country in the world. The primary responsibility of the government is to protect the rights of all human beings on equal basis residing in a country. This study is an endeavor to highlight the intensity and reasons behind the threats received
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A New Pedagogy to Enhance the Safety and Resilience of Journalists in Dangerous Environments Globally
Education Sciences, volume 10, issue 310 (2020), 15 pp.
"Risks to journalists are rising with disasters, epidemics, physical, mental and digital harassment all increasing globally. Some 1382 journalists have been killed since 1992 and 246 are imprisoned. However, the threat type has been changing, with the majority of journalists killed annually being on
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The “triple effect” silencing female journalists online. A theoretical exploration
"Online harassment of women journalists imposes self-censorship and threatens women’s participation in online journalism. This is of grave concern for the development of freedom of speech and plurality in the media (Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe [OSCE], 2019). Part of this i
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Double-edged knife: Practices and perceptions of technology and digital security among Mexican journalists in violent contexts
Tapuya: Latin American Science, Technology and Society, volume 3, issue 1 (2020), pp. 22-42
"Violence against Mexican journalists has received significant attention from scholars at home and abroad during the last decade. However, though a diversity of issues have been consistently studied, there is one topic that is still largely neglected: the implications of technology for news workers
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Democracy at Stake: Self-Censorship as a Self-Defence Strategy for Journalists
Media and Communication, volume 8, issue 1 (2020), pp. 5-14
"The media play an essential role of informing and mobilising voters as well as facilitating a two-way communication process between citizens and those vying for electoral offices during elections. This allows citizens to get information on various issues from the contenders, which largely informs t
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Safety of Female Journalists Online: A #SOFJO Resource Guide
Key Guides
Vienna: OSCE Representative on Freedom of the Media (2020), 231 pp.
"Online harassment and abuse against women journalists has become a major hazard to the profession. One that threatens women journalists’ ability to do their jobs. It violates their right to freedom of expression as much as it hampers free and open access to information for all members of society.
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The Pitfalls and Perils of Being a Digital Journalist in Venezuela
In: Handbook of Research on Combating Threats to Media Freedom and Journalist Safety
Hershey, PA: IGI Global (2020), pp. 319-337
"To be a journalist in Venezuela is very dangerous. In the past decade, there has been an increase of attacks against media and their personnel. On the one hand, attacks against journalists include harassment (physical, digital, legal), illegal detentions, kidnapping, and assassination. On the other
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