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Disinformation, Misinformation, Fake News
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Authors & Publishers
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Journals
Output Type
A New Wave of Censorship: Distributed Attacks on Expression and Press Freedom
Washington, DC: Center for International Media Assistance (CIMA) (2018)
"In both authoritarian and democratic contexts, new forms of censorship online are carried out through distributed attacks on freedom of expression that are insidiously difficult to detect, and often just as effective, if not more, than the kinds of brute force techniques by state agents that came b
...
A Short Guide to the History of ’Fake News’ and Disinformation: A Learning Module for Journalists and Journalism Educators
International Center for Journalists (ICFJ) (2018), 19 pp.
"This learning module designed to be used by journalists, journalism trainers and educators (along with their students) provides historical context for the analysis of the 21st century ‘fake news’ crisis. Relevant case studies and a timeline are designed to better inform users about the causes a
...
Désinformation 2.0: Comment défendre la démocratie?
Paris: L'Harmattan (2018), 253 pp.
"Les nouvelles technologies permettent aux diverses formes de manipulation de l’information de toucher de vastes publics. Chaque citoyen-internaute devient un acteur des manoeuvres de désinformation, en particulier en les relayant sur les réseaux sociaux. Internet constitue ainsi une révolution
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Defining “Fake News”: A Typology of Scholarly Definitions
Digital Journalism, issue 6 (2018), pp. 137-153
"This paper is based on a review of how previous studies have defined and operationalized the term “fake news.” An examination of 34 academic articles that used the term “fake news” between 2003 and 2017 resulted in a typology of types of fake news: news satire, news parody, fabrication, man
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Die informierte Gesellschaft und ihre Feinde: Warum die Digitalisierung unsere Demokratie gefährdet
Bonn: Bundeszentrale für politische Bildung (bpb), Sonderausg. (2018), 367 pp.
#DigitalDeceit: The Technologies Behind Precision Propaganda on the Internet
New America (2018), 37 pp.
"This analysis of digital advertising technology and its relevance to disinformation online is designed to broaden the focus in the current public debate beyond Russian operatives buying ads on social media. The problem is much bigger than that and the issues of concern are more diverse. Our analysi
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Measuring the Reach of 'Fake News' and Online Disinformation in Europe
Oxford: Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism (2018), 10 pp.
"The purpose of this RISJ factsheet is to provide toplevel usage statistics for the most popular sites that independent fact-checkers and other observers have identified as publishers of false news and online disinformation in two European countries: France and Italy. We focus specifically on sites
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Digital Disinformation: A Primer
Washington, DC: Atlantic Council; Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung (KAS) (2017), 8 pp.
"Revelations around Russian efforts to shape the 2016 US presidential election through the use of disinformation, bots, and hacking have thrust the problems of “fake news” and social media manipulation into the public spotlight. This primer is an introduction to this phenomenon, laying out the k
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Losing Trust in Media
Aspen Review Central Europe, issue 1 (2017), pp. 4-43
Is Social Media a Threat to Democracy?
Omidyar Group (2017), 20 pp.
"It is becoming increasingly apparent that fundamental principles underlying democracy—trust, informed dialogue, a shared sense of reality, mutual consent, and participation—are being put to the test by certain features and attributes of social media. As technology companies increasingly achieve
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Fake News machen Geschichte: Gerüchte und Falschmeldungen im 20. und 21. Jahrhundert
Berlin: Ch. Links Verlag (2017), 325 pp.
"Gerüchte und Falschmeldungen begleiten die Menschheitsgeschichte von Beginn an. Ihre politischen und militärischen Folgen waren oft verheerend. Mit dem Aufstieg von »Fake News« ist klar, dass Gerüchte und Falschmeldungen im Zeitalter der sozialen Medien geschichtsträchtiger sind als je zuvor.
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Soviet Subversion, Disinformation and Propaganda: How the West Fought Against it. An Analytic History, with Lessons for the Present
London: London School of Economics and Political Science (LSE) (2017), 7 pp.
"What were Soviet influence and disinformation campaigns? What did the West do about them? This study answers these questions, explaining the Cold War strategies followed by the USSR, as well as the Western response. Eleven case studies follow, each one examining a counter-disinformation tactic in d
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Finding the Truth Amongst the Fakes: Social Newsgathering in the Arab World
Qatar: Al Jazeera Media Institute (2017), 182 pp.
"[...] this book aims to draw from the experience of Arab journalists and experts in the Arab World to help journalists enhance their news verification and social newsgathering skills. We hope the publication contributes to the ongoing debate on techniques and ethics that surrounds user-generated co
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Media Manipulation and Disinformation Online
Deep Insights
Data & Society Research Institute (2017), 104 pp.
"Internet subcultures take advantage of the current media ecosystem to manipulate news frames, set agendas, and propagate ideas. Far-right groups have developed techniques of 'attention hacking' to increase the visibility of their ideas through the strategic use of social media, memes, and bots - as
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Troops, Trolls and Troublemakers: A Global Inventory of Organized Social Media Manipulation
Oxford: Computational Propaganda Research Project (2017), 36 pp.
"Cyber troops are government, military or political party teams committed to manipulating public opinion over social media. In this working paper, we report on specific organizations created, often with public money, to help define and manage what is in the best interest of the public. We compare su
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"The share of interviewed persons who said that mass media in the Republic of Moldova behaves to a great extent responsibly to its audience remains at a very low level—8% (7% in September 2016, 8% in January 2016). However, as we can see in the chart below, there are also some good signs, despite
...
Freedom on the Net 2017: Manipulating Social Media to Undermine Democracy
Deep Insights
Washington, DC; New York: Freedom House (2017), 1060 pp.
"Governments around the world have dramatically increased their efforts to manipulate information on social media over the past year. The Chinese and Russian regimes pioneered the use of surreptitious methods to distort online discussions and suppress dissent more than a decade ago, but the practice
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La désinformation et ses applications aux conflits internationaux via les médias: Comment une Afrique en quête de démocratie peut s'en protéger?
Paris: L'Harmattan (2017), 176 pp.
"La question des « fakes news » ou de la désinformation - on ne peut plus actuelle - se pose avec d’autant plus de légitimité et d’acuité que les mass media et les réseaux sociaux sont devenus incontournables. Le champ d’action de cette théorie de la désinformation ne relève plus seu
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Information Disorder: Toward an Interdisciplinary Framework for Research and Policy Making
Deep Insights
Strasbourg: Council of Europe (2017), 107 pp.
"This report provides a new framework for policy-makers, legislators, researchers, technologists and practitioners working on the theoretical and practical challenges related to mis-, dis- and mal-information — the three elements of information disorder. While the historical impact of rumours and
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