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Online Intimidation: Controlling the Narrative in the Balkans. Annual Digital Rights Report 2021

Balkan Investigative Reporting Network (BIRN) (2021), 64 pp.

"From August 2020 until August this summer, we recorded almost 800 cases of digital rights violations in eight countries of south-eastern Europe: Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Hungary, Kosovo, Montenegro, North Macedonia, Romania and Serbia. Violations took place not just on TikTok, but also on F ... more

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The Palgrave Handbook of Digital Russia Studies

Daria Gritsenko, Mariëlle Wijermars, Michail Vjaceslavovic Kopotev (eds.)

Cham: Palgrave Macmillan (2021), xxiv, 612 pp.

"This open access handbook presents a multidisciplinary and multifaceted perspective on how the 'digital' is simultaneously changing Russia and the research methods scholars use to study Russia. It provides a critical update on how Russian society, politics, economy, and culture are reconfigured in ... more

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Assessing Internet Development in Thailand: Using UNESCO’s Internet Universality ROAM-X Indicators

Bangkok: UNESCO (2021), 15 pp.

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The Media for Democracy Monitor 2021: How Leading News Media Survive Digital Transformation. Vol. 2

Josef Trappel, Tales Tomaz (eds.)

Göteborg: Nordicom (2021), 492 pp.

"To what extent do structures and conduct of leading news media correspond with requirements of contemporary democracies? Based on a root concept of democracy and several empirical indicators, the Media for Democracy Monitor (MDM) delivers a panorama of the news media’s performance regarding freed ... more

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Murders, Physical Assaults & Online Harassment: Silencing Journalism in Somalia. Somalia Annual Press Freedom Report 2020-2021

Federation of Somali Journalists (FESOJ) (2021), 13 pp.

"Overall, the situation of press freedom in Somalia between May 2020 and May 2021 has continued to experience a sharp and unfortunate decline. In total, FESOJ recorded the murder of 2 journalists – as a resulted of targeted killing, 52 arrests, assault and injury to 9 reporters in the line of duty ... more

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The State of Community Media and Community Radio in Solomon Islands

AMARC Asia-Pacific (2021), 10 pp.

"The Solomon Islands’ media industry is a fast-growing one. A unique feature of the media industry in Solomon Islands is youth employment. Solomon Islands has a population with 70 percent of people under the age of 29, and the media industry primarily comprises young people. While this is importan ... t for youth employment and contributes to a dynamic industry, 50 percent of media practitioners do not have a higher education qualification. The media industry often attracts people straight out of high school and the lack of formal education among most media practitioners in Solomon Islands is said to impact on the quality of media. There are several print newspapers. The government operates a national radio station, and subnational and private radio stations are also available. Subscription television services offer some local content in addition to foreign broadcasts. Solomon Islands has a number of public and private media broadcasters, and print outlets. The Solomon Islands Broadcasting Corporation (SIBC) is the state broadcaster and has a reach of over 90 percent of the population via radio. SIBC does not have a television station. [...] Radio is the medium with the largest reach in Solomon Islands. The vast majority of the people (95 per cent) surveyed in the 2010 Audience Survey commissioned by the Solomon Islands Media Assistance Scheme (SOLMAS) stated that they have access to at least one radio station in their area, with SIBC having the greatest reach. SIBC runs Radio Hapi Isles, Wantok FM (commercial music station) and provincial stations, Radio HapiLagun and Radio Temotu. Paoa FM is the leading commercial radio station run by Solomon Star. ZFM 100, another commercial station, is owned by Commercial XJ6 Co Ltd. Gud Nius Redio, a semi-commercial station, broadcasts religious music and content but produces no local news. [...] The development of community media in the Solomon Islands can be traced back to 2004. There was growing appreciation of the potential role of radio stations in supporting local governance and facilitating greater community participation and accountability. The United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) and the Isabel Provincial Government (IPG) established eight low-power FM radio stations around the province as part of the Isabel Provincial Development Programme (IPDP).6 The aim was to support the growing role of governance institutions in provincial development planning and to improve communication between these institutions and the islanders. Poor infrastructure has been one of the main factors inhibiting effective two-way communication in the Solomon Islands. The problem is particularly acute in remote and mountainous areas such as Isabel. For that reason, the radio stations were set up in remote villages to allow greater sharing of information and the development of local content by host communities. The People First Network (PFnet) provided high-frequency radio email stations, co-located with the radio stations installed and managed by the IPDP. These facilities became known as community information centres. PFnet was involved in the operation of the email stations until the IPDP initiative ended in December 2007, after which the stations were operated by their local communities." (Pages 3-7) more

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Fake News Misinformation and Hate Speech in Ethiopia: A Vulnerability Assessment

Brussels: European Institute of Peace (2021), 22 pp.

"The assessment found that Ethiopia's media ecosystem's weaknesses have made it vulnerable to fake news, misinformation, and hate speech. Some of the driving factors are undoubtedly historical, including the weak state of private media in Ethiopia, the critical role of the Ethiopian diaspora in medi ... more

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The Dynamics of Digital Media in the Philippines: Legacies and Potentials

Media International Australia, volume 179, issue 1 (2021), pp. 3-95

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African Media Barometer: Zimbabwe 2020

Windhoek: Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung (FES) (2021), 50 pp.

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Media in Croatia: From Freedom Fighters to Tabloid Avengers

Marijana Grbeša, Marija Volarevic

Publizistik, volume 66 (2021), pp. 621-636

"The article provides an overview of the Croatian media landscape and its transformation that has been driven by the processes of democratization, commercialization and digitalization. The main media-related concerns from 1990 to 2000 were freedom of the press, autonomy of journalism and censorship. ... more

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Latvia Country Report. Media Literacy Sector Mapping in Georgia, Latvia, Moldova and Ukraine

Solvita Denisa-Liepniece et al.

Riga: Baltic Centre for Media Excellence (BCME) (2021), 30 pp.

"• A holistic approach is needed. Media literacy goes far beyond media, education and culture. It should become an essential part of everyday life, taking appropriate forms to attract, to connect and to activate responsible decision making. The recent trending issues are digitalisation (before 201 ... 3), focus on disinformation (and mixing it up with “fake news”) after 2016, as well as (dis)trust due to the influence of the Covid-19 pandemic after 2020. Today the focus is on how the issues related to data transparency, new gadgets and wearable technology, are changing the media landscape and media consumption. • Developing internal and external factors, related to media literacy, shows that some changes are here to stay. Adaptability to new agendas, tools, techniques is a must for the area. The challenges and known and emerging threats connected to media literacy emphasise the necessity for a holistic approach within a society. • Strategic strengthening of collaboration should be considered by the stakeholders. There is discord regarding who should do what, as functions in legislation and other regulating documents are very general. Clearly defined responsibilities for formal networking with clear timelines, as well as ad-hoc informal networking should be considered. • Financial sustainability and media literacy focused institutions. The media literacy initiatives are un26 derfunded by the state. It is mainly international donors who are setting the agenda. For instance, newly identified needs such as projects for marginalised parts of society or those tired from the news do not get the appropriate response from the community of media literacy actors. Those actors, who occasionally deliver projects on media literacy, are mostly busy with other projects. • Future-oriented media literacy. Behaviour prediction and redirection of the audience, connected to data collection and events, are topical issues for political and business purposes. The issue is connected to the emerging military technologies of influence (Kania, 2020; Tullis, 2019), means that activities related to increasing resilience and adaptability should continue. There is a need on a national level to encourage capacity building and informing media literacy stakeholders on prospective topics to be included. • While mentioning the external factors, some experts said media education should be considered essential without the need to connect to external actors, and to be part of any informed decision making centric and human centric process, taking it out of the political scope. • Solutions cannot be just Top-Down or Bottom-Up, as the skills and knowledge needed should be interconnected with issues relevant for the society. Motivation and engagement of the fragmented audiences, by promoting media literacy and quality journalism is essential for making a strong, responsible and sustainable country. There will be a growing need for very precise and different types of media literacy initiatives (in scope, format, and nature) in society. • Evidence based media literacy should be appropriately funded. The networking needed for increasing research should be considered a priority for cross-sectoral cooperation." (Concluding remarks, pages 25-26) more

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Moldova Country Report. Media Literacy Sector Mapping in Georgia, Latvia, Moldova and Ukraine

Riga: Baltic Centre for Media Excellence (BCME) (2021), 32 pp.

"• There is a significant and diverse amount of media literacy resources, format of activities and media literacy initiatives being produced in Moldova in the preceding years, that consolidated a pool of national experts in the media literacy related field of expertise. A major part of these resul ... ts was made possible mainly due to civil society organisations initiatives and efforts, supported by donor community. • Mainly international donors and CSOs are setting the media literacy agenda since no state funding is available for these kinds of initiatives. The relevant state institutions should start gradually to take over the responsibility and lead in media literacy directions relevant to their areas of competencies. Besides taking the role as official partners of civil society driven initiatives, they should become initiators, proactive implementers and allocate budgets for this state level priority. • The government should initiate the development of a national policy or strategy on media literacy, that would establish the priority areas of actions and cross-sectoral roles and responsibilities distribution among government, parliament, civil society, media sector and donor community. They should also set up a functional coordination and implementation mechanism and ensure financial support. • The relevant state institutions should evaluate the national legislation and practices on fighting media disinformation, fake news, external propaganda etc. and adopt the required legislative amendments. They should build efficient mechanisms for operational and appropriate responses of public institutions. • National level surveys and research on media literacy are required to be conducted based on rigorous and national representative methodology to evaluate the media literacy dynamics, existing threats and gaps that needs to be addressed on regular basis. The current shortage of such data is a significant challenge for developing evidence based strategies and policies, but also for measuring the overall impact of all invested efforts and funding, and a barrier in identifying the best approaches in addressing different media literacy gaps. • Media literacy initiatives and projects should allocate budgets for results and impact monitoring and evaluation and donors encourage and assign sufficient funds to cover these costs. They are crucial to generate evidence-based information regarding the extent of results achieved, and the data for the most efficient media literacy formats for a specific target audience etc. • Donors should continue their support, aiming to strengthen the capacity of the independent media, national and regional, broadcasting in Romanian and ethnic minorities languages, through granting long-term institutional support (as opposed to project-based) to ensure people access to a diversity of objective information." (Concluding remarks, page 29) more

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Georgia Country Report. Media Literacy Sector Mapping in Georgia, Latvia, Moldova and Ukraine

Riga: Baltic Centre for Media Excellence (BCME) (2021), 24 pp.

• The role of Media Literacy in resilience building is considered to be of pivotal importance, which is further stressed in the policy documents published within the last couple of years in Georgia. However, it is essential to underscore that the failure of achieving consensus on strategic approac ... hes between state and non-state actors remains the central obstacle towards enhancing the cooperation among the key stakeholders. Therefore, there is a need to create a cooperation format among governmental and non-governmental organisations that would ensure the elimination of mistrust, political neutrality and enhance the overall resilience level of the media consumers. • In order to define the target audience and evaluate the programmes carried out by various organisations, one requires comprehensive research focused on media consumption habits and the impact of media literacy programmes on beneficiaries. • Apart from evaluating the knowledge and skills that beneficiaries gain from media literacy projects, it is also essential to analyse the methodology that organisations use with different audiences to develop and refine their respective methodologies and tailor them better to diverse audiences. • The expertise of non-state actors with various resources needs to be utilised to achieve project sustainability and long-term results. In addition, these experiences should be incorporated into the formal academic processes. • Given the importance of media and digital literacy as transferable skills defined by the National Curriculum, there is a need to advance critical thinking from an early age, which by itself can be achieved by introducing media literacy as a compulsory subject in the school curricula. • Coming up with joint curricula-based assessment indicators and media and digital literacy definitions remains another essential priority since there is a lack of unified definitions among stakeholders. • Content diversification is crucial for Media outlets. This can be carried out by introducing MIL components not only in educational but entertainment content as well. • In the framework of preparing programmes intended to build the resilience of society, the Georgian Public Broadcaster (GPB) should cooperate with non-state actors to promote media literacy initiatives and pay special attention to the most vulnerable groups, including ethnic minorities. • There is an evident coordination problem across donors that often choose overlapping regions and target audiences, thus neglecting some of the most vulnerable audiences. Hence, the local representatives of international organisations should cooperate on setting strategic priorities to optimise resources. • Donors should allocate more resources to conduct evaluations and facilitate the implementation of best practices on the ground." (Concluding remarks, pages 20-21) more

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Media Education in Latin America

Julio-César Mateus, Pablo Andrada Sola, María Teresa Quiroz (eds.)

London; New York: Routledge (2020), xix, 282 pp.

"This book offers a systematic study of media education in Latin America. As spending on technological infrastructure in the region increases exponentially for educational purposes, and with national curriculums beginning to implement media related skills, this book makes a timely contribution to ne ... more

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Media Influence Matrix: Slovakia

Marius Dragomir

Budapest: Center for Media, Data and Society (CMDS), 2nd, updated ed. (2020), 110 pp.

"Seemingly, Slovaks have access to a wealth of news sources. In reality, though, the market is concentrated in the hands of a few large players. Powerful financial groups such as Penta Investments and J&T, and a handful of magnates including Ivan Kmotrik and Andrej Babis (who is also Czech Republic� ... ��s prime minister) exert decisive influence in the ownership of most major media companies. They are also close to politicians (if they are not themselves one), which means big leverage in regulatory affairs. The entry on the Slovak market of PPF, a Czech financial group led by another wealthy oligarch, Petr Kellner, which bought Markiza TV in 2019, is further cementing the oligarchic control in the country’s media. The Antimonopoly Office of the Slovak Republic known as PMU is much responsible for the shape of the Slovak media market. It has been the PMU that approved a spate of merger cases allowing the expansion of some media owners. Decisions by the PMU in 2015-2016 allowed Penta Investments to take over several major publishers. It was one of these deals that prompted journalists from the daily Sme (acquired by Penta) to leave and set up DennikN. Civil society exerts little influence. International groups are not effective either. The Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE), a Vienna-based intergovernmental group, has some political leverage, but that does not materialize in any earth-shattering policy changes or palpable improvements for journalists. For example, in early March 2018, Harlem Desir, the head of media at OSCE, called on Slovak authorities in a meeting in Bratislava to investigate the killing by unknown assaulters in February 2018 of the Slovak investigative journalist Jan Kuciak. Instead, two months later, Slovak police began to harass Pavla Holcova, a Slovak journalist who was trying to help with the police investigation. It was only after massive pressures from citizens and journalism groups from abroad that four people were finally charged in October 2019 over Kuciak’s killing. Besides regulation, tightly controlled by authorities and highly politicized, the government plays also a direct role in the Slovak media market. Funding from license fees collected from all Slovak households and state budget makes the public broadcaster RTVS the largest player in the country’s media with a budget in excess of €115m. That is not necessarily bad. For some years, the Slovak public got its money’s worth. The station earned a feather in its cap for improved programming." (Key findings, pages 6-7) more

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Are Indigenous Voices Being Heard? A Study on the State of Indigenous Community Broadcasting in 19 Countries;Voces Indígenas. ¿Están siendo escuchadas? Estudio sobre el estado de la radiodifusión comunitaria indígena en 19 países

José Manuel Ramos Rodríguez

Cambridge, MA; Toronto: Cultural Survival; World Association for Christian Communication (WACC) (2020), 135 pp.

"Indigenous Peoples have been excluded from accessing media for many reasons, including their geographic location, languages, and legal barriers. Indigenous Peoples living in isolated areas have little physical access tu urban-centred media. Similarly, a lack of awareness of human rights, freedoms, ... more