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Photojournalists’ Social and Economic Rights in Lebanon

Nadine Moubarak

Metn: Samir Kassir Foundation (2023), 58 pp.

"The study addresses four key research questions: What are the social and economic rights of photojournalists in Lebanon? To what extent are these rights currently provided? What are the main challenges faced by photojournalists and their Syndicate? What recommendations can be made to enhance the le ... gal framework for photojournalists in Lebanon? To answer these research questions, a mixed data collection approach was used, combining both qualitative and quantitative data. A total of 19 interviews were conducted with photojournalists working in Lebanon, using the same questionnaire, and led by the Samir Kassir Foundation (SKF) team. One of the most significant findings from these interviews is that some photojournalists who work as employees are not allowed to work as freelancers due to exclusive agreements with their employers. Additionally, some full-time employees do not have the time to take on freelance work. Furthermore, some respondents reported that photographers are not receiving the same salary adjustments as other journalists in media institutions, which has led to a disparity in pay. Out of the 19 respondents, only seven reported receiving payment in United States dollars, while the majority (63%) received payment in Lebanese pounds, or a combination of both currencies at a certain rate. The study also found that 60% of respondents use their personal equipment while working. Given that protective gear such as helmets and anti-bullet vests are expensive in Lebanon, most photojournalists do not use such equipment for their safety during their coverage. Only two respondents reported receiving a safety kit from their institution. Furthermore, 42% of respondents do not have private insurance, which is concerning given the risks and dangers that photojournalists face in their work. During the interviews, one respondent emphasized the need to protect the dignity of photojournalists who have dedicated years to their work. They suggested providing social security and retirement benefits for photojournalists who have given their wholehearted effort to their institutions. The respondent also pointed out that photojournalists often work in multiple roles, such as technicians of light and sound, drivers, and equipment carriers, and may be unable to continue working due to physical injuries. According to the study, 68% of the respondents reported experiencing discrimination in their work. Of the Lebanese respondents, 73% reported experiencing discrimination, with seven citing sectarian and regional discrimination and one reporting discrimination by a state authority. Among foreign respondents, 50% reported experiencing discrimination, with one citing a state authority as the perpetrator. Additionally, 40% of respondents reported not having a written contract with their employer or client. Of the nine who reported having a written contract, eight mentioned not having a copy of it. One respondent who did not have a written contract explained that they were afraid of being dismissed and left jobless, feeling constantly threatened and unable to demand more. The study highlighted the crucial role that photojournalists play in the media industry, with the majority of respondents acknowledging their importance. However, one respondent noted during an interview that despite the reliance on photo and video visuals, photographers are often the weakest link and are blamed for any errors or mistakes. Two other respondents echoed this sentiment. One major issue that the Photojournalists’ Syndicate faces is that its internal regulation is outdated (from 1994) and there are no professional regulations for photojournalists. In response to the question of whether the Syndicate plays a major role in protecting photojournalists’ rights in Lebanon, 58% of the respondents answered “No”. Many of those who said “No” explained that the issue is not with the Syndicate itself, but with the government in general, its corrupt system, and the fact that the authorities do not allow the Syndicate to do its work." (https://www.skeyesmedia.org) more

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Journalismus in Deutschland 2023: Aktuelle Befunde zu Situation und Wandel

Wiebke Loosen, Anna von Garmissen, Elsa Bartelt, Tim van Olphen

Hamburg: Hans-Bredow-Institut (2023), 16 pp.

"Dieses Arbeitspapier präsentiert erste Ergebnisse einer repräsentativen Befragung von insgesamt 1.221 Journalist:innen in Deutschland, die zwischen September 2022 und Februar 2023 durchgeführt wurde. Die Studie, die von der Deutschen Forschungsgemeinschaft gefördert wird, ist Teil des Forschung ... more

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Journalists' Insurance Coverage in Lebanon

Nadine Moubarak

Metn: Samir Kassir Foundation (2023), 26 pp.

"It is crucial to emphasize that insurance should be a fundamental right for all workers, regardless of the safety and security of their working environment. In Lebanon, journalists who passionately and tirelessly advocate for rights and freedoms, who endeavor to create a better society, and who dil ... more

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Presiones económicas: El principal factor de riesgo para la independencia del periodismo

Bogotá: Fundación para la Libertad de Prensa (FLIP); Cifras & Conceptos (2023), 13 pp.

"La Fundación para la Libertad de Prensa (FLIP), el Círculo de Periodistas de Bogotá y Cifras & Conceptos presentan los resultados de la "Encuesta de Libertad de Expresión y Acceso a la Información". En la encuesta participaron 585 periodistas y columnistas en 6 regiones del país y 9 de ellos ... more

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Periodistas en México: Encuesta de sus perfiles demográficos, laborales y profesionales

Frida V. Rodelo, Mireya Márquez Ramírez, Grisel Salazar Rebolledo, Celia del Palacio Montiel, Martín Echeverría, Armando Gutiérrez Ortega, Karles Daniel Manzo, Julieta Brambila, Josefina Buxadé, Rubén Arnaldo González, Sallie Hughes, José Luis Lemini Camarillo

Global Media Journal - México, volume 20, issue 39 (2023), pp. 110–159

"Para que el periodismo pueda realizar su función democrática, es preciso que el contexto político, social y económico le permita su desarrollo en toda forma. Aunque en el pasado estuvo caracterizado por la cooptación y la censura, el periodismo mexicano reciente ha mostrado prácticas innovado ... more

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Between Shadows and Stories: Navigating the Journey of Afghan Journalists, from Aug. 15, 2021 to Aug. 15, 2023

Afghanistan's National Journalists Union (2023), 17 pp.

"The Afghan media landscape stands at a crossroads, navigating a landscape rife with challenges and uncertainties in the wake of the Taliban's resurgence. The post-Taliban era, marked by a thriving media sector with 160 television channels, 311 radio stations, 90 print newspapers, and 26 news agenci ... es, has witnessed a drastic transformation. The current media landscape, with 70 television channels, 211 radio stations, 11 print newspapers, and 9 news agencies, reflects a significant decline in numbers and diversity. Under the de facto rule of the Taliban, the media sector has encountered substantial constraints. Censorship and self-censorship have become rampant, with journalists and media outlets navigating the perilous territory of permissible content. Threats, intimidation, and violence against media professionals have created an atmosphere of fear, leading to an exodus of skilled journalists. Investigative journalism, once a cornerstone of accountability, has been stifled, and access to unbiased information has dwindled, leaving citizens ill-informed. The closure of media outlets has far-reaching implications, including restricted information flow, suppressed free speech, and diminished content diversity. The narrative has further fragmented between Kabul and the provinces, where media freedom varies significantly. Female journalists remain conspicuously absent in many regions, underscoring the entrenched gender disparity in the field. International media outlets, under surveillance and restraints, grapple with maintaining their operations and integrity in an increasingly controlled environment. Social media, once a platform for open dialogue, faces censorship and restrictions, hampering the exchange of ideas. As Afghanistan's media landscape evolves, the absence of comprehensive legal frameworks has exacerbated challenges. The suspension of the Mass Media Law and the Access to Information Law during the transitional phase has left media professionals in a legal gray area. The need for inclusive consultations with media stakeholders to shape these laws cannot be overstated. In this complex milieu, it is evident that safeguarding the media's role as a communication bridge between the government and the people is paramount. Collaborative efforts between the Islamic Emirate, the international community, and media support organizations are essential to prevent the collapse of Afghanistan's media landscape." (Conclusion, pages 16-17) more

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Reality on the Ground: Exploring News Production Practices by Syrian Journalists in Times of Conflict

Tania Ouariachi, Lidia Peralta

Journalism Practice, volume 17, issue 2 (2023), pp. 283-299

"While most research on the Syrian revolution has been focussing on content analysis about how Western mainstream media cover and frame the conflict, this paper aims at exploring journalistic practices by Syrian journalists. We look at three concrete aspects: the socio-labor profile of the practitio ... more

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Journalists’ Workplace Safety Protection during Demonstrations

Valensia Lie, Natasya Stella Maris Losak Kelen, Zefanya Alita Zafira

Integration Proceeding, volume 1, issue 1 (2023), pp. 183-187

"In terms of connecting his life every human being needs a job. Human life is considered more prosperous when getting a decent job. Workers in carrying out their work in addition to getting wages, of course, need to get legal protection and work safety protection. There are many workers who work in ... more

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Workplace Happiness, Journalism and COVID-19 in South Asia

Achala Abeykoon, Archana Kumari, Mohammad Sahid Ullah, Pallavi Majumdar, Sajjad Ali, Mou Mukherjee Das, Santosh Kumar Biswal, M. C. Rasmin, Shilpa Kalyan, Mohd Shahid, Mamunor Rashid

In: Happiness in Journalism

Valérie Bélair-Gagnon, Avery E. Holton, Mark Deuze, Claudia Mellado (eds.)

London; New York: Routledge (2023), pp. 166-174

"This chapter explores some of the positive strategies employed by South Asian media institutions to enhance workplace happiness and help journalists to cope with stress and traumatic experiences during the COVID-19 pandemic. Happiness is crucial for media institutions because journalism is one of t ... more

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Establishing Individual, Organizational and Collective Practices for Journalists' Well-Being through Disconnection

Diana Bossio

In: Happiness in Journalism

Valérie Bélair-Gagnon, Avery E. Holton, Mark Deuze, Claudia Mellado (eds.)

London; New York: Routledge (2023), pp. 96-104

"This chapter explores broader use and negotiation of online connection and disconnection within news organizations and professional bodies. It argues that improving the happiness of journalists means centering methods of care in the profession, within individual practice and organizational editoria ... more

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Happiness in Journalism

Valérie Bélair-Gagnon, Avery E. Holton, Mark Deuze, Claudia Mellado (eds.)

London; New York: Routledge (2023), xi, 204 pp.

"This book examines how journalism can overcome harmful institutional issues such as work-related trauma and precarity, focusing specifically on questions of what happiness in journalism means, and how one can be successful and happy on the job. Acknowledging profound variations across people, genre ... more

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Factors Influencing Job Quit Among Newspaper Journalists in Pakistan

Waqas Ali, Muhammad Irfan, Ayaz Ahmed

Pakistan Journal of Social Research, volume 5, issue 2 (2023), pp. 710-717

"A survey was conducted on 446 newspaper journalists working in Karachi, who do journalism in Sindhi, Urdu, and English languages, to understand the reasons for their job quitting. The findings revealed that low salaries, job insecurity, and inconvenient administrative policies are why journalists l ... more

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Supporting Digital Job Satisfaction in Online Media Unions' Contracts

Errol Salamon

In: Happiness in Journalism

Valérie Bélair-Gagnon, Avery E. Holton, Mark Deuze, Claudia Mellado (eds.)

London; New York: Routledge (2023), pp. 87-95

"Bringing together critical political economy of media and industrial relations research, the chapter argues that the collective bargaining agreement is a communicative means through which digital newsworker unions express worker resistance to labor issues." (Abstract)

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Women in Media: Kosovo Survey

Dafina Halili, Dion Krasniqi, Gentiana Sylejmani

London: Peaceful Change Initiative (2023), 31 pp.

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No Easy Solutions: Zambian Journalism’s ‘Blalizo’ Problem

Laida K. Chongo

Oxford: Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism (2023), 18 pp.

"A suggestion by Government to introduce a minimum wage has the potential to ensure that journalists are paid a living wage, making it feasible to start an open conversation about the ethical implications of accepting blalizo [a “transport refund” issued to journalists by the organisers of event ... more

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Periodismo de frontera en América Latina: Violencias y desigualdades múltiples

Celia del Palacio

Bielefeld; M: Bielefeld University Press; transcript Verlag; CALAS (2023), 187 pp.

"En esta obra se aborda la situación de violencia y desigualdad que enfrentan los periodistas en América Latina, centrándose en el caso de México por ser este el país en donde se ha asesinado a un mayor número de comunicadores en los últimos 22 años. El enfoque se dirige hacia los periodista ... more

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Survey on Gender Equality in the Media and Media Content: Côte D'Ivoire, Ghana, Niger, Democratic Republic of Congo

Nicole Chavranski, Mélanie Canino, Marie-Christine Lebret

Issy-les-Moulineaux: CFI (2022), 23 pp.

"This survey had two main goals: 1. Report on gender equality in the media in four countries across Sub-Saharan Africa: Côte d’Ivoire, Ghana, Niger and the Democratic Republic of Congo. 2. Draw up a strategic document pinpointing the needs of industry players in these four countries, along with r ... more

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The Working Conditions and Challenges of Afghan Female Journalists

Mohammad Yousaf Saddiqi, Elif Kucuk Durur

American Journal of Applied Psychology, volume 11, issue 3 (2022), pp. 90-100

"Journalism is a demanding profession in Afghanistan, where females are less encouraged to become journalists. Even recently, the people of Afghanistan still do not encourage females to work outside. But still, a significant number of females are engaged in journalism. It contributes to society for ... more

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Precariously Employed Climate Journalists: The Challenges of Freelance Climate Journalists in South Asia

Mushfique Wadud

Journalism Practice, issue 2-3 (2022), pp. 262-280

"Declines in the number of foreign correspondents and bureaus have caused media to rely on freelance journalists, particularly on coverage of complex and topical issues such as climate change. This study examines the challenges freelance climate journalists in South Asia face and how they negotiate ... more

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What Will it Take for Newsroom Leaders to Support and Defend Journalists?

Tracy Everbach

Journalism & Communication Monographs, volume 24, issue 3 (2022), pp. 229–232