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Rapid Review: Vaccine Hesitancy and Building Confidence in COVID-19 Vaccination

Tabitha Hrynick, Santiago Ripoll, Megan Schmidt-Sane

Social Science in Humanitarian Action Platform (SSHAP) (2020), 18 pp.

"This brief draws on social science literature and informal interviews with experts to illustrate that vaccine hesitancy is more complex and context-specific, and often reflects diverse, everyday anxieties – not just, or even primarily, exposure to misinformation or anti-vaccine campaigners. Based ... more

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COVID-19: An Informative Guide. Advice for Journalists

Washington, DC: Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) (2020), 15 pp.

"This document offers tools to help journalists practice responsible coverage of the pandemic using evidence-based information. It also proposes ways to approach coverage and encourages journalists to provide advice and solutions that can help reduce health risks and save lives. The priorities of th ... more

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COVID-19: Stratégies de communication pour soutenir la promotion et le maintien des comportements désirés dans le contexte de la pandémie

Gouvernement de Québec (2020), 22 pp.

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Jordan Media Assessment. White Paper: Government and Media Outreach in the Age of COVID-19

USAID; Management Systems International (MSI) (2020), 16 pp.

"As a component of the USAID Jordan Media Assessment (JMA), this White Paper aims to assess the Government of Jordan’s (GOJ) and the media’s response to the current COVID-19 crisis starting in mid-February 2020 through May 1, 2020. This includes the methods used for disseminating messages to the ... more

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Pillars of Russia's Disinformation and Propaganda Ecosystem

Washington, DC: U.S. Department of State (2020), 76 pp.

"Russia has operationalized the concept of perpetual adversarial competition in the information environment by encouraging the development of a disinformation and propaganda ecosystem that allows for varied and overlapping approaches that reinforce each other even when individual messages within the ... system appear contradictory. This ecosystem reflects both the sources of disinformation and propaganda—official government statements, state-funded media outlets, proxy websites, bots, false social media personas, cyber-enabled disinformation operations, etc.—and the different tactics that these channels use. Russia’s willingness to employ this approach provides it with three perceived advantages. First, it allows for the introduction of numerous variations of the same false narratives. This allows for the different pillars of the ecosystem to fine tune their disinformation narratives to suit different target audiences because there is no need for consistency, as there would be with attributed government communications. Second, it provides plausible deniability for Kremlin officials when proxy sites peddle blatant and dangerous disinformation, allowing them to deflect criticism while still introducing pernicious information. Third, it creates a media multiplier effect among the different pillars of the ecosystem that boost their reach and resonance. The media multiplier effect can, at times, create disinformation storms with potentially dangerous effects for those Russia perceives as adversaries at the international, national, and local level. In the past, Russia has leveraged this dynamic to shield itself from criticism for its involvement in malign activity. This approach also allows Russia to be opportunistic, such as with COVID-19, where it has used the global pandemic as a hook to push longstanding disinformation and propaganda narratives [...] This report provides a visual representation of the ecosystem described above, as well as an example of the media multiplier effect it enables. This serves to demonstrate how the different pillars of the ecosystem play distinct roles and feed off of and bolster each other. The report also includes brief profiles of select proxy sites and organizations that occupy an intermediate role between the pillars of the ecosystem with clear links to Russia and those that are meant to be fully deniable." (Pages 5-7) more

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Media and COVID-19 in West Africa: Nigeria

Media Foundation for West Africa (MFWA) (2020), 8 pp.

"Generally, the relevant authorities in Nigeria have, to a large extent, been proactive with press briefings and national addresses since the outbreak of the pandemic. However, reporters have realised that they are often unable to access information beyond what is said in the briefings. Officials so ... more

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Behavioral Science Tips for COVID-19 Communications

Southern Africa Labour and Development Research Unit (SALDRU); University of Pennsylvania, Center for Health Incentives & Behavioral Economics; Ideas42.org (2020), 2 pp.

"Human behavior plays a central role in reducing the spread of coronavirus. Communication by government entities and other trusted sources about desirable or mandated behaviors during the pandemic is critical. As policymakers, funders, and program staff, it is our responsibility to ensure that commu ... more

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COVID-19: How to Include Marginalized and Vulnerable People in Risk Communication and Community Engagement

UN Women; Translators Without Borders; Risk Communication and Community Engagement (RCCE) Working Group on COVID-19 Preparedness and Response in Asia and the Pacific (2020), 12 pp.

"Women, the elderly, adolescents, youth, and children, persons with disabilities, indigenous populations, refugees, migrants, and minorities experience the highest degree of socio-economic marginalization. Marginalized people become even more vulnerable in emergencies. This is due to factors such as ... more

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The Missing Perspectives of Women in COVID-19 News: A Special Report on Women’s Under-Representation in News Media
Deep Insights

Luba Kassova

Gates Foundation (2020), 101 pp.

"This report was commissioned by the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation to examine women’s representation in COVID-19/coronavirus newsgathering and news coverage in India, Kenya, Nigeria, South Africa, the UK, and the US. It is rooted in a computational news content analysis of 11,913 publications an ... d 1.9 million stories between 1st March and 15th April 2020 undertaken by Media Ecosystems Analysis Group; an in-depth qualitative portrayal analysis of 175 highly ranked COVID-19/coronavirus stories across the six countries; quantitative analysis of eight public-facing bespoke Google surveys, as well as multi-country secondary surveys; a pronoun content analysis of COVID-19 headlines; story frames analyses using Google’s news search engine, the Internet TV News Archive in 2020 and the GDELT Project global online news archive for 2017 to 2020; and interrogation of a number of global statistical databases [...] The report has examined the news coverage of the COVID-19/coronavirus story through the lenses of three indicators of gender equality: women as sources of news expertise; news stories leading with women protagonists; and coverage of gender equality issues. The insights from the report have led to the creation of 21 recommendations which aim to support news providers who wish to amplify the substantially muted voices of women in news coverage of the COVID19/coronavirus story. The report has uncovered a substantial bias towards men’s perspectives in the newsgathering and news coverage of this pandemic across both the global north (the UK and US) and the global south (India, Kenya, Nigeria and South Africa). This bias operates against a backdrop of women’s effective political invisibility within the COVID-19-related decision-making process in the countries analyzed and the unique socioeconomic, health and psychological challenges that women face globally. Every individual woman’s voice in the news on COVID19 is drowned out by the voices of at least three, four, or five men. The women who are given a platform in the COVID-19/coronavirus story are rarely portrayed as authoritative experts or as empowered individuals but more frequently as sources of personal opinion or as victims/people affected by the disease." (Executive summary) more

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COVID-19 Vaccination Communication: Applying Behavioral and Social Science to Address Vaccine Hesitancy and Foster Vaccine Confidence

Sylvia Chou Wen-Ying, Caitlin E. Burgdorf, Anna Gaysynsky, Christine M. Hunter

National Institutes of Health (NIH) (2020), 23 pp.

"This report, which was developed in consultation with leading experts in social and behavioral sciences and public health, outlines evidence-informed communication strategies in support of national COVID-19 vaccine distribution efforts across federal agencies and their state and local partners. The ... more

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Epidemiología urgente para periodistas: Una guía para informar de manera precisa sobre el coronavirus

Fundación Gabo (2020), 162 pp.

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Key Considerations: Online Information, Mis- and Disinformation in the Context of COVID-19

Nadia Butler

Social Science in Humanitarian Action Platform (SSHAP) (2020), 8 pp.

"This brief sets out practical considerations relating to flows of information, misinformation and disinformation though online media, particularly social media networks, in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. It details various types of online media, key players and influencers on social media, a ... more

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Mapping of Communication Resources – COVID19

Communication for Development Network (2020), 21 pp.

External Link (106)

Responding to the COVID-19 Info-Demic: Lessons from Quick, Collective, and Localised Action. A Policy Brief by the H2H Network on What Worked and What We Need to Do Next

BBC Media Action; evidence aid; Internews; Translators Without Borders (2020), 4 pp.

"Internews, Translators without Borders, and BBC Media Action collaborated to track and analyse rumours and misinformation circulating on social media in a range of languages. At the same time, Evidence Aid produced plain-language summaries of existing high-quality research to inform the decisions o ... more

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COVID-19 y comunicación, una guía práctica para enfrentar la crisis

Luiz Artur Ferraretto, Fernando Morgado

Porto Alegre: Universidad Federal de Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Núcleo de Estudos do Rádio (2020), 61 pp.

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Disinfodemic: Deciphering COVID-19 Disinformation
Key Guides

Julie Posetti, Kalina Bontcheva

Paris: UNESCO (2020), 16 pp.

"COVID-19 disinformation creates confusion about medical science with immediate impact on every person on the planet, and upon whole societies. It is more toxic and more deadly than disinformation about other subjects. That is why this policy brief coins the term disinfodemic. Using this frame, the ... more

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Manuel de production et de diffusion de reportages à distance dans le contexte du COVID-19

Children’s Radio Foundation (CRF) (2020), 35 pp.

"La Children’s Radio Foundation (CRF) forme actuellement des jeunes reporters dans 68 stations de radio à travers six pays Africains (La République Démocratique du Congo, le Libéria, la Côte d’Ivoire, l’Afrique du Sud, la Tanzanie et la Zambie) à produire des émissions de radio hebdomad ... more