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Weaponised Information in Brazil: Digitising Hate

Diego Casaes, Yasodara Córdova

Tokyo: Toda Peace Institute (2019), 18 pp.

"In the last few years, the world information ecosystem has been flooded by the “fake news” phenomena, augmented by the widespread use of social media. The fragmentation and scale of the new communication tools help spread old ideologies, that uphold racism, homophobia, and oppression. This phen ... more

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Democratic Defense Against Disinformation 2.0

Daniel Fried, Alina Polyakova

Washington, DC: Atlantic Council (2019), 24 pp.

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WorldCat (158)

Fake News: Moderne Lügen entlarven und entspannt reagieren

Thorben Prenzel

Frankfurt am Main: Wochenschau-Verlag (2019), 174 pp.

"Thorben Prenzel stellt in seinem Buch die Triple-A-Methode vor, die eine einfache Handlungsanleitung für den Alltag bietet. Diese verständliche Schritt-für-Schritt Anleitung hilft Ihnen, gekonnt die richtigen Argumente zur richtigen Zeit anzubringen." (Verlagsbeschreibung)

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United Nations Strategy and Plan of Action on Hate Speech

United Nations (2019), 5 pp.

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International Standards and Comparative National Approaches to Countering Disinformation in the Context of Freedom of the Media

Andrey Rikhter

Vienna: OSCE Representative on Freedom of the Media; International Press Institute (IPI) (2019), 57 pp.

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Digital Future

D+C: Development and Cooperation, issue September (2019), pp. 19-33

"From the mid-90s to the Arab spring of 2011, a sense of euphoria was common. Before the 1990s, however, information technology simply did not seem relevant in developing countries. That began to change when international media became aware of the IT hub that had evolved around Bangalore. Next, inte ... rnet access spread fast, and, though digital divides persisted, the World Wide Web came ever closer to living up to its name. Then mobile telephony conquered much of Africa. Suddenly, Kenya was pioneering mobile money. Digital technology was making a difference in evermore people’s lives, and masses of them were poor. Mobile phones became commonly used devices even in remote villages. People got access to more information than ever before and started to interact with others who were far away. In many ways, digitalisation proved empowering. For example, social media were essential in the Arab spring. As dictators were toppled, journalists spoke of “Facebook revolutions”. That was then. Platforms that seemed to facilitate free communication in early 2011 are now infested with disinformation and propaganda. Moreover, the business models of established media houses are being undermined, to the detriment of quality journalism. Instead of living in “knowledge societies” as we were promised, it is getting harder to understand our world. As a general trend, both public administrations and private-sector businesses are being computerised. Digital disruption is common, and leaders in both spheres are paying increasingly close attention to what is discussed online. Some are doing their best to manipulate public discourse. Authoritarian populism is gaining ground, while the respect for democracy seems to be waning in many places. China’s communist regime is leading the trend of monitoring citizens, but other governments seem all too eager to follow. At the same time, the corporate powers that dominate the internet today are still largely beyond government control. They are not paying taxes commensurate with their revenues. The top managers cultivate a liberal image, but their lobbyists are really only striving to protect the likes of Google, Facebook, Amazon, Microsoft and Apple from regulation. The algorithms of Facebook and YouTube, which belong to Google’s parent company Alphabet, are driving the radicalisation of angry people by offering users ever more extreme content. That trick keeps them on the platform. Digitalisation is shaping our species’ future. We need sensible rules. The forces that dominate the web are far more powerful than most nation states. The only three political entities that still seem able to regulate them are the USA, China and the EU. At this point, only the EU shows a preference for protecting citizens’ rights. If other countries want to have an impact, they must forge alliances. That way they can tap technology’s still promising potentials and keep a check on the risks. There is no alternative – unless we want to surrender to overwhelming corporate and state power." (Editorial, page 3) more

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Russian Information Warfare in Central and Eastern Europe: Strategies, Impact, and Countermeasures

Michal Boksa

Washington, DC: German Marshall Fund of the United States (2019), 19 pp.

"The dynamism of Russia’s information warfare is best illustrated by the fact that over the last decade it underwent at least two strategic shifts—after the Russian-Georgian war in 2008 and in 2014 when Russia went from being risk-averse and stealthy to increasingly aggressive and risk-taking. E ... more

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Linkages as a Lens: An Exploration of Strategic Communications in P/CVE

Joe Whittaker, Lilah Elsayed

Journal for Deradicalization, issue 20 (2019), pp. 1-45

"Strategic communications for the purpose of countering violent extremism have become widespread in recent years, especially given the communications revolution which has amplified the messages of violent extremists and those that wish to counter them. Despite this, there is little-to-no research wh ... more

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Weapons of Mass Distraction: Foreign State-Sponsored Disinformation in the Digital Age

Christina Nemr, William Gangware

Park Advisors (2019), 44 pp.

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Décode la h@ine! Jette la violence! Guide de prévention contre les discours de haine en ligne à l'usage des 12-18 ans
Key Guides

Khalid Aoutail

Rabat: UNESCO (2019), 76 pp.

"Ce guide, conçu à partir d'une collecte des données sur l'expression de la haine en ligne sous toutes ses formes, et de leur analyse, propose des modules simples à comprendre afin d'accompagner celles et ceux qui le souhaitent dans la création d'un réseau virtuel d'échange pacifié. Les reco ... more

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¿Qué hacer frente a las fake news?

Philipp Müller, Nora Denner

Potsdam: Friedrich Naumann Foundation (2019), 30 pp.

"Para contestar la pregunta de qué hacer frente a las “Fake News”, se prohíbe dar respuestas simplistas. El presente dictamen argumenta que borrar “Fake News” de las redes sociales no es una panacea. Todo lo contrario: Los populistas percibirían su eliminación como una confirmación de s ... us actitudes basadas en teorías conspirativas y verían otro motivo para criticar a las élites. También es probable que los usuarios más susceptibles en este sentido se retiren hacia lugares más apartados del Internet, con lo cual se refuerza la fragmentación de la sociedad. Por lo tanto, la Ley sobre la Exigibilidad Jurídica en las Redes (Netzwerkdurchsetzungsgesetz, NetzDG) es el enfoque equivocado. También los mensajes de advertencia que de manera generalizada marcan noticias como “Fake News” pueden desplegar efectos más bien negativos: Por un lado, estas advertencias en el News Feed caen fácilmente en el olvido, mientras que la noticia en sí se queda en la memoria del usuario. Por el otro lado, los usuarios pueden percibir advertencias generales en su News Feed como una intervención en su libertad de decisión autónoma y por consiguiente enojarse. Por lo tanto, es importante aplicar estos instrumentos con un enfoque hacia la responsabilidad propia de los usuarios. Las libertades de información y de expresión como libertades fundamentales son indispensables para el funcionamiento de las sociedades democráticas. Las medidas, ya sean dictadas por el Estado o desarrolladas por las propias redes sociales, tienen que tomarlo en cuenta. Por lo tanto, el dictamen recomienda las siguientes medidas: Promoción escolar y extraescolar de la competencia mediática para proteger contra influencias mediáticas nocivas y fomentar un espíritu crítico en el usuario. Utilización de mensajes de advertencia antes de difundir las “Fake News”. Esta medida hace un llamamiento a la responsabilidad de los usuarios, por lo cual tiene sentido. Fomento y cultivo de un diálogo sociopolítico respetuoso para evitar la formación de grupos a favor y en contra de las élites. Intensificación y coordinación de la investigación nacional e internacional sobre el uso de los medios de comunicación y el efecto de las “Fake News” para llegar a una evaluación final de los peligros y un tra bajo informativo eficiente." (Sinopsis, página 5) more

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Polarisation and Peacebuilding Strategy on Digital Media Platforms: Current Strategies and their Discontents

Lydia Laurenson

Tokyo: Toda Peace Institute (2019), 17 pp.

This is the second of two policy briefs on polarisation. The first policy brief, “Polarisation and Peacebuilding Strategy on Digital Media Platforms: The Current Research,” reviewed the research, and concluded by recommending directions for future research. This brief describes interventions: (a ... more

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The False Information Ecosystem in India

Spandana Singh

Tokyo: Toda Peace Institute (2019), 20 pp.

"Over the past few years, internet access and adoption in India has grown tremendously, giving Indians more access to the online information ecosystem than ever before. Today, India is one of the largest markets for technology platforms such as WhatsApp and Facebook. However, the adoption of these t ... more

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Information Flows and Radicalization Leading to Violent Extremism in Central Asia

Search for Common Ground; Internews (2019), 77 pp.

"The study is comprised of three main parts: a desk study of available and accessible material – reports, documents and media material; a qualitative study comprising over 200 interviews with ordinary people, experts, and persons with direct experience with radicalization leading to violent extrem ... ism (RVE); and a quantitative component consisting of national surveys of people’s information consumption habits. For the desk study, the effort was made to gain as broad a picture as possible, that is, to cover all five countries of Central Asia – Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan. However, predictably and unfortunately, Uzbekistan and especially Turkmenistan proved difficult cases to study in full. For both the qualitative and quantitative field research activities, for several reasons, only the first three countries were included. As a result, this study is able to report most robustly on these three countries and propose observations regarding Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan only to a limited extent. Based on the desk study, the drivers of extremist sympathies as established in existing research have been political grievances (injustice from state structures; identity-based discrimination; oppressive political regimes, etc), economic difficulties (unemployment; indebtedness; poverty; and desire for quick and greater income) and ideological motivations (resentment of false values; striving for the singularly just and true life; for reward in a perceived afterlife). To these push and pull factors are added a range of enabling factors, such as migration, young age, gender (women), and means of communication. All these drivers of RVE need to be treated with caution, as stressed by various authors and suggested by evidence gained in field research. A general observation, gained from the desk research and supported by evidence in both qualitative and quantitative field studies, was the difference among the countries in degree of control over the information space, or the degree of hegemony over public discourse. Of the three most fully studied countries, hegemonic discourse was the strongest in Tajikistan, followed by Kazakhstan, and the least in Kyrgyzstan. Uzbekistan, analyzed to a limited extent, would be closer to the extreme of Tajikistan, whereas Turkmenistan was too closed to make reasonably robust observations." (Page 3) more

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Counter-Narratives: Myanmar's Digital Media Activists

Sarah Oh

In: Myanmar Media in Transition: Legacies, Challenges and Change

Lisa Brooten, Jane Madlyn McElhone, Gayathry Venkiteswaran (eds.)

Singapore: ISEAS (2019), pp. 377-386

"In the months before Myanmar's national elections in November 2015, Khin Oo says she began to engage directly with Facebook users to dispel rumours and misinformation that, in her view, propagated hate and inflamed intercommunal tensions. She posted "right speech" and "right information" by comment ... more

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Counteracting Hate and Dangerous Speech Online: Strategies and Considerations

Rachel Brown, Laura Livingston

Tokyo: Toda Peace Institute (2019), 16 pp.

"This policy brief will examine the various factors that enable online hate speech to resonate, spread, and drive offline action. After briefly reviewing the features of social media that enable hate speech to spread online, we will explore tools for designing interventions to respond to this conten ... more

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Countering Online Propaganda and Extremism: The Dark Side of Digital Diplomacy

Corneliu Bjola, James Pamment (eds.)

Abingdon, Oxon; New York: Routledge (2019), xiv, 213 pp.

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Research Report: A Report Summarising Campaigns, Training Resources and the Current State of Thinking on Counter Radicalisation Throughout the World
Deep Insights

Hannah Richter

GameChanger; Fundacja TechSoup – techsoupeurope; Radio Nederland Training Centre (RNTC) (2019), 87 pp.

"The report is split into three chapters: chapter one looks at over one hundred different campaigns, highlighting effective and successful campaigns, and the evaluations of them where possible. Those that are not evaluated can be used as inspiration. The categorisation of the different campaigns was ... more

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Glasnost! Nine Ways Facebook Can Make Itself a Better Forum for Free Speech and Democracy

Timothy Garton Ash, Robert Gorwa, Danae Metaxa

Oxford: Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism (2019), 27 pp.

"Following multiple controversies in the past two years, Facebook is seeking to implement much needed processes for self-regulation and governance to help regain the trust of the public, politicians, and regulatory authorities. Facebook has thus entered a new era of cautious glasnost, inviting resea ... more

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Hateful Commenting Online: Control Strategies for Newsrooms

Leif Kramp, Stephan Weichert

Vistas Verlag (2018), 30 pp.

Décode la h@ine! Jette la violence! Guide de prévention contre les discours de haine en ligne à l'usage des 12-18 ans Key Guides

Research Report: A Report Summarising Campaigns, Training Resources and the Current State of Thinking on Counter Radicalisation Throughout the World Deep Insights

Décode la h@ine! Jette la violence! Guide de prévention contre les discours de haine en ligne à l'usage des 12-18 ans
Key Guides

Research Report: A Report Summarising Campaigns, Training Resources and the Current State of Thinking on Counter Radicalisation Throughout the World
Deep Insights