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No Signal, no Voice: How Internet Shutdowns Undermined Uganda’s 2026 Elections

Kampala: Unwanted Witness; Women of Uganda Network (WOUGNET) (2026), 55 pp.

"This report finds that significant, deliberate, and centrally coordinated internet disruptions occurred before, during, and after Uganda’s January 2026 general elections. Contrary to public assurances issued by government officials in the weeks preceding polling, access to the internet was progre ... more

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The Routledge Handbook of Political Communication in Ibero-America

Andreu Casero Ripollés, Paulo Carlos López López (eds.)

London: Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group (2025), xvii, 497 pp.

"The Routledge Handbook of Political Communication in Ibero-America addresses the relationship between communication, politics and digital technologies in Latin American and the Iberian Peninsula, a geographical space linked by social, cultural and linguistic aspects. In recent years, digital media ... more

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Künstliche Intelligenz in politischen Kampagnen: Akzeptanz, Wahrnehmung und Wirkung

Simon Kruschinski, Pablo Jost, Hannah Fecher, Tobias Scherer

Frankfurt am Main: Otto Brenner Stiftung (2025), 108 pp.

"Im ersten Teil geben wir einen Überblick über den Einsatz von generativer KI in der politischen Kampagnenkommunikation. Insbesondere die generativen KI-Tools ChatGPT und Midjourney werden zunehmend in politischen Kampagnen eingesetzt, um menschenähnliche Texte beziehungsweise fotorealistische Bi ... more

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Analysing chatbots during the German state elections 2024. Digging deeper into generative AI and elections: A systemic investigation of election-related answers and safeguards from Large Language Models

Oliver Marsh, Clara Helming, Mira Zimmermann, Tilman Loos, Kira Mössinger, Emilia Annacker, Stella Heine

Berlin: Algorithm Watch (2024), 32 pp.

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Unveiling Disinformation: Mapping Attacks on Brazil’s Electoral System and the Response of the Superior Electoral Court (2018–2023)

Regina Cazzamatta, Augusto Santos, Grazielle Albuquerque

International Journal of Communication, volume 18 (2024), pp. 3551-3575

"Falsehoods targeting political parties and candidates have long been entrenched in Brazilian politics and monitored by the Superior Electoral Court (TSE). Since the rise of the far right in Brazil, the TSE has itself become a disinformation target. This study aims to unveil disinformation that has ... more

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Media in Africa: Issues and Critiques

Toks Oyedemi, René A. Smith (eds.)

New York; London: Routledge (2024), 232 pp.

"Featuring contributions from global scholars, that represent both new and established voices on the African continent and the diaspora, this volume explores themes of decolonization, media freedom, media censorship, identity, representation, pluralism, media framing, political economy of the media ... more

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"É na unção que se encontra poder": Carisma e organização eclesiástica na trajetória política da cantora Mara Lima

Brandon Lopes des Anjos, Caio Rodrigo Fier Frank Antonio Mezzomo

Ciências Sociais e Religião (Campinas), volume 26, issue e024010 (2024), 36 pp.

"Neste texto, analisamos a trajetória eleitoral da deputada Cantora Mara Lima, procurando perceber como a candidata construiu seu carisma nas eleições estaduais paranaenses em 2014, 2018 e 2022, em sintonia com o projeto político da Assembleia de Deus (AD). Procedemos à coleta e sistematizaçã ... more

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Georgian Election Observatory (#GEObservatory24): Debunking pre-election propaganda narratives

Andreas Önnerfors et al.

University of Georgia; Fojo Media Institute (2024), 69 pp.

"The “Georgian Elections Observatory (#GEObservatory24)” was a short-term initiative aimed at fact-checking pre-election narratives leading up to the parliamentary elections on October 26, 2024, together with a few immediate post-election analyses. Unlike traditional fact-checking platforms, thi ... more

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Just what is data-driven campaigning? A systematic review

Katharine Dommett, Andrew Barclay, Rachel Gibson

Information, Communication & Society, volume 27, issue 1 (2024), 22 pp.

"Discussions of data-driven campaigning have gained increased prominence in recent years. Often associated with the practices of Cambridge Analytica and linked to debates about the health of modern democracy, scholars have devoted considerable attention to the rise of data-driven politics. However, ... more

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Generative AI and elections: Are chatbots a reliable source of information for voters? An analysis of Microsoft’s Bing Chat

Berlin: AI Forensics; Algorithm Watch (2023), 31 pp.

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Harmful narratives during elections: Smear campaigns, gender stereotypes and hate narratives. 2022 General Elections in Bosnia and Herzegovina

Marija Arnautovic, Mladen Bubonjic, Belma Buljubasic et al.

Sarajevo: Mediacentar (2023), 265 pp.

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Populism, Religion, and Social Media in Central America

Ignacio Siles, Erica Guevara, Larissa Tristán-Jiménez1, Carolina Carazo

International Journal of Press/Politics, volume 28, issue 1 (2023), pp. 138-159

"This paper analyzes how presidential candidates Fabricio Alvarado and Nayib Bukele used Facebook during the elections in Costa Rica (2018) and El Salvador (2019) respectively to develop a particular style of communication that blended populist elements and religious discourse. This style of communi ... more

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Comicios mediáticos III: Medios masivos, encuestas y rede sociodigitales en las Elecciones 2020 en Bolivia

José Luis Exeni Rodríguez, Karina Herrera Miller, Verónica Rocha Fuentes, Armando Ortuño Yánez

La Paz, Bolivia: Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung (FES) (2023), 330 pp.

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Guidelines for political parties using generative AI

Media Monitoring Africa (2023), 6 pp.

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Media Manipulation in Young Democracies: Evidence From the 1989 Brazilian Presidential Election

Alexsandros Cavgias, Raphael Corbi, Luis Meloni, Lucas M. Novaes

Comparative Political Studies, volume 57, issue 2 (2023), pp. 221-253

"We investigate how dominant media networks can manipulate voters in young democracies. During the first presidential election after the democratic transition in Brazil, TV Globo, the largest and most-watched network in the country, unexpectedly manipulated the news coverage of the last debate 2 day ... more

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Information Integrity to Sustain Peace during Electoral Processes. Sustaining Peace during Electoral Processes (SELECT) Project

New York: UNDP (2023), 48 pp.

"The purpose of this report is to gain a better understanding of the pertinent dynamics and to bolster the design of programming to support the information ecosystem around elections. In aid of this, UNDP sought information through a number of channels, in a review of the relevant literature, a seri ... more

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Reconstructing Elections in a Digital World

Nighat Dad, Shmyla Khan

South African Journal of International Affairs, volume 30, issue 3 (2023), pp. 473-496

"The nature of elections has been transformed by the rise of digital technologies in the last few years, in large part due to the rise of social media platforms and their impact on election campaigning, dissemination of informationand opinion formation. Furthermore, digital technologies have been em ... more

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Journalism in the Grey Zone: Pluralism and Media Capture in Lebanon and Tunisia

Kjetil Selvik, Jacob Høigilt

Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press (2023), ix, 228 pp.

"Lebanon and Tunisia are two of the freest countries in the Middle East and North Africa, but elites in both countries seek to manipulate media organisations and individual journalists to shore up support for themselves and attack opponents. This book explores the political role of journalism in the ... more

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Brazil's Electoral Justice Permanent Program on Countering Disinformation: Strategic Plan Elections 2022

Aline Rezende Peres Osorio, Frederico Franco Alvim, Giselly Siqueira et al.

Brasilia: Brazil Superior Electoral Court; Tribunal Superior Eleitoral (TSE) (2022), 61 pp.

"The actions to be developed are distributed in three axes: (i) Inform, aimed at the dissemination of official, reliable and quality information; (ii) Empower, aimed at media literacy and training the whole of society to understand the phenomenon of disinformation and the functioning of the electora ... l process; and (iii) Respond, related to the identification of cases of disinformation and the adoption of strategies, both preventive and repressive, to contain its negative effects. For the 2022 electoral cycle, the first axis has five projects with their own purposes and goals. They are: (i) mass dissemination network of truthful and official information about elections and the Electoral Justice; (ii) chatbot – electoral queries on WhatsApp; (iii) access, dissemination and enhancement of the scope of fact checking on the electoral process; (iv) deepening electoral transparency; (v) development and improvement of other technological tools and digital channels to disseminate true and quality information. In this strategic point, the Court’s action is guided by the preferential position of freedom of expression, in the legal system, by encouraging plurality of information. Likewise, information actions meet the recommendations for “prophylactic” prebunking actions (that is, strategies to reduce citizens’ susceptibility to disinformation by exposing examples of how disinformation operates). The second axis, in turn, includes seven initiatives: (i) training for internal and external audiences on disinformation, on the integrity of Brazilian elections and on the fundamentality of the Electoral Justice as an institution that guarantees democracy; (ii) prevention of the mental health of members, agents and collaborators of the Electoral Justice who deal directly with actions to contain disinformation; (iii) training the internal and external public on the electoral process, including the functions performed by it in the context of the democratic rule of Law; (iv) awareness campaigns on disinformation and media and information education actions for the external public; (v) cooperation and actions to enhance reaching partners’ media and information literacy initiatives; (vi) dialog with political parties and party federations to make them aware of their responsibility in the context of fighting against disinformation; (vii) support to other public institutions to implement actions to confronting disinformation. Finally, the response axis encompasses eight projects: (i) permanent coalition for verification; (ii) engagement of digital platforms and their technological resources in confronting structured networks of disinformation and inauthentic behavior; (iii) reporting channel for mass shooting of content in partnership with WhatsApp; (iv) creating a network to monitor disinformation practices against the electoral process; (v) containment of disinformation on Telegram; (vi) partnership and dialog with the Federal Police and the Electoral Prosecutor Office; (vii) Strategic Cyberintelligence Committee and (viii) review and elaboration of norms that acts against the practice of disinformation in the Electoral Justice, as a way of preventing the phenomenon in question. Concerning to this point, the planning met the parameters of timely response, appreciation of fact checking, importance of engagement and transparency of platforms, as well as the expansion and improvement of channels for complaints." (Presentation, page 5-6) more

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The Freedom to Conduct and Publish Opinion Polls: A 2022 Worldwide Update

Kathy Frankovic, David A. Jodice, Kseniya Kizilova, See Toh Wai Yu

ESOMAR (2022), 99 pp.

"Although the share of countries with limits on the publication of pre-election polls has dropped to 46%, an additional 24 countries (15%) do not permit election polling at all. Governments in one-third of countries officially regulate polls. More than one in four countries have taboos on publishing ... surveys about religion, and one in five reject polling on crime and on voting. Many countries do not have access to in-country training in survey research. In 43% of the 157 countries, the quality of reporting about polls in the news media is rated as somewhat or very low quality, nearly twice as high as the share of countries who see local journalistic reporting as of somewhat or very high quality. Polling itself has become more difficult due to budget cuts, increased costs of data collection, and lowered response rates. Regions like Latin America stand out as different in many areas. Latin America has the highest share of countries with pre-election poll embargoes. Nearly all countries report embargoes, and it is the region where embargoes are the longest on average (the median embargo length is seven days, though polling is more accurate the closer to election day it is conducted). In addition, more than any other region, Latin American countries report that personal interviewing is not safe. Nearly half of countries there (47%) believe that interviewers conducting face-to-face surveys are either somewhat or very unsafe, almost three times the global percentage. Europe is the region with the second largest percentage of embargoes (behind Latin America), but for half of those countries, the restrictions on publication last only two or three days. European countries, as well as those in Sub-Saharan Africa and North America & the Caribbean, are also the most likely to have professional associations to deal with complaints about polling and to promulgate standards. While it appears from the tables that parts of Asia Pacific Oceania and Sub-Saharan Africa might not have pre-election restrictions on the publication of polls, in nearly a third of those countries in West Asia & North Africa and Sub-Saharan Africa, it is not permitted to publish polls about elections and voting (in about a quarter of countries in those two regions, polls about voting cannot even be conducted)." (Executive summary) more