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Evaluation Reports on Selected Projects

Intergovernmental Council of the International Programme for the Development of Communication (IPDC)

Paris: UNESCO (2006), 147 pp.

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Community Radios in Sydney: Anspruch und Wirklichkeit. Eine Bestandsaufnahme. Die Beispiele Radio 2ser, FBI Radio und Koori Radio

Michael Katerla

Berlin: Freie Universität Berlin, Magisterarbeit (2006), 123 pp.

"Gemessen an seiner Einwohnerzahl hat Australien den größten Community Radio-Sektor weltweit. Seit der Verabschiedung des Broadcasting and Services Act im Jahr 1992 und der damit verbundenen Vereinfachung der Lizenzvergabe für Community Radios steigt die Zahl von Community Radios kontinuierlich a ... n. Von dieser Entwicklung ausgehend untersucht die vorliegende Arbeit die damit zusammenhängenden Auswirkungen auf die selbstdefinierten Ansprüche des Mediums Community Radio anhand von drei Fallbeispielsendern in Sydney. Im Mittelpunkt der Arbeit steht die Untersuchung der Umsetzung der zwei wesentlichen an die Medienform Community Radio gerichteten Ansprüche: interessierten Bürgern einen offenen Zugang zum und umfassende Partizipationsmöglichkeiten am Medium Community Radio zu bieten. Daraus wurde die grundlegende Frage für diese Arbeit abgeleitet: in welcher Art und Weise wird der theoretische Anspruch eines offenen Zugangs und einer realen Partizipation von den drei Fallbeispielsendern in der Realität verwirklicht? [...] Nachdem im deskriptiven Schritt der Untersuchung die drei Fallbeispielsender anhand gleicher Kriterien beschrieben wurden, ist vor dem Hintergrund der herausgearbeiteten Eigenschaften der theoretische Anspruch nach offenem Zugang und umfassender Partizipation analytisch untersucht worden. Diese Untersuchung lässt folgendes Fazit zu: die wachsende Konkurrenzsituation durch die Zulassung eines weiteren Community Radios (FBI Radio) führt in Teilen von Sydneys zu einem erhöhten Wettbewerb. Folge ist eine zunehmende Professionalisierung, womit zwangsläufig Selektionskriterien und Beschränkungen in den Bereichen Zugang und Partizipation einhergingen. Für interessierte Bürger in Sydney, die an einer Mitarbeit am Medium Community Radio interessiert sind, haben sich die Möglichkeiten einer Mitarbeit damit nicht verbessert, sondern verschlechtert. Zugang und Partizipation ist nur noch in einem Rahmen möglich, der den theoretischen Vorstellungen an das Medium Community Radio widerspricht, wie beispielhaft anhand der beiden Radiostationen Radio 2ser und FBI Radio verdeutlicht wurde. Daraus ergibt sich eine Diskrepanz zwischen Anspruch und Wirklichkeit. Die Radioschaffenden bei den drei untersuchten Community Radios müssen einen Balanceakt zwischen den Vorschriften der zuständigen Behörden (ACMA, CBF und CBAA), dem eigenen Anspruch und der Wirtschaftlichkeit ihres Radios bewältigen, der aber in zunehmendem Maße nicht mehr gelingt. Die Grenzen zwischen Community Radios – als not- for profit Organisationen – und kommerziellen Radios verschwimmen zusehends. Community Radios, die auf Kosten der Professionalität an den Ansprüchen des Mediums nach freiem Zugang und Partizipation festhalten, stehen vor immensen finanziellen Problemen, da sie nur wenig Sponsoren an sich binden können und staatliche Finanzierungshilfen weiter gekürzt werden. Im Falle von Koori Radio konnte gezeigt werden, dass dies einen geregelten Tagesablauf und eine zukunftsfähige Planung kaum zulässt. Wie dieser problematischen Entwicklung entgegengewirkt werden kann, ist nicht klar. Die Regierung hat sich bisherigen Anfragen nach einer Erhöhung der staatlichen Unterstützung für den Hörfunktyp Community Radio verweigert. Auch die Idee der Erhebung einer Sonderbesteuerung für kommerzielle Radios, um damit Community Radios zu unterstützen, hatte bislang keinen Erfolg." (Zusammenfassung, Seite 110-111) more

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Promoting Independent Media: Strategies for Democracy Assistance
Deep Insights

Krishna Kumar

Boulder, Colo.; London: Rienner (2006), 189 pp.

"This book represents one step in explaining international efforts to promote independent media. It attempts to examine the nature and significance of media assistance, discussing the evolution of the field, the focus of various programming approaches, and the possible impact of such efforts. It pre ... sents case studies of media assistance programs in different countries. The book concludes with a set of recommendations for expanding and deepening media assistance for the international community. This book project grew out of a multi-country study that I directed in 2002–2004 to examine media assistance programs funded by the US Agency for International Development. The overall purpose of the study was to assess the nature and effectiveness of USAID programs and make policy and programmatic recommendations for the future. In writing this book I have mostly drawn from the massive information collected during two years of research and analysis. The book is based primarily on three sources of information. First are reviews of literature covering scholarly writings, project and program documents, and articles in popular magazines and newspapers on media assistance. Such reviews were country specific as well as global in nature. Because the academic literature is extremely limited and media assistance is hardly covered in magazines and newspapers except in high-profile cases such as Bosnia and Serbia, reviews largely relied on program documentation. I had the unique advantage of perusing thousands of documents that are not available to the public. Although mostly descriptive and often self-serving, they identified critical gaps in our knowledge and illuminated the challenges and achievements of international media endeavors. Second, my colleagues and I undertook extensive fieldwork in seven countries/regions—Afghanistan, Bosnia, Central America, Indonesia, Russia, Serbia, and Sierra Leone. In each of these cases, research teams conducted extensive discussions with international donor agencies, officials of host countries, project staff and contractors, and local media experts and journalists. Every possible effort was made to interview all those experts and managers who had intimate knowledge of the ongoing media assistance programs. Teams also examined locally available documents and reports and used translators to translate documents into English when necessary. In the absence of hard quantitative data, they largely relied on available documentation, indepth interviews, and their own knowledge of the media scene for their findings and conclusions. Finally, I organized a series of meetings in Washington, D.C., to discuss the findings of the country studies and explore new directions for media assistance programs. Such meetings helped to identify many problems and challenges facing media assistance programs and helped in formulating a set of recommendation for policymakers." (Chapter 1, page 10-11) more

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African Media Development Initiative: Ghana. Research Findings and Conclusions

Samuel Kafewo

London: BBC World Service Trust (2006), 66 pp.

"The media sector in Ghana has witnessed some dramatic, positive changes over the past few years, made possible by the promulgation of the 1992 democratic Constitution and the election in 2000 of President Kufuor’s government. All interviewees agreed that democratisation and the repeal of the Crim ... more

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WorldCat (58)

Top-Down or Bottom-Up? Radio in the Service of Democracy: Experiences from South Africa and Namibia

Ullamaija Kivikuru

International Communication Gazette, volume 68, issue 1 (2006), pp. 5-31

"The focus in this article is on two different modes of 'giving a voice to the voiceless' in Southern African new democracies, namely South African community radio and its support apparatus, Democracy Radio, and the Namibian People's Parliament. South African community radio operates within a sphere ... more

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The Impact of Community Radio on Sustainable Rural Development: A Case of Dzimwe and Nkhotakota Community Radio Stations

Patrick Luc Lefief Mphaka

Malawi Polytechnic, Master Thesis (2006), ix, 109 pp.

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The Challenges and Prospects of Community Radio in Ethiopia: The Case of Harar Community Radio

Mathewos Tadesse

Addis Ababa: Addis Ababa University, Master Thesis (2006), vi, 107 pp.

"The purpose of the study is to determine the challenges and prospects of community radio in Ethiopia, taking Harar Community Radio (HCR) as a case study. This radio station is selected because it has already stopped broadcasting a few months ago. For the effectiveness of the research, efforts have ... more

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Contribution des radios communautaires au developpement local: Cas de la radio rurale locale de Lalo (RRL/Lalo) au Bénin

Marie Madeleine Davakan

Dakar: Université Cheihk Anta Diop, Centre d'Etudes des Sciences et Techniques de l'Information (CESTI) (2006), 19 pp., 84 pp.

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Media Development and Poverty Eradication

Barry James

Paris: UNESCO (2006), 70, vi pp.

The articles in this book have been adapted from contributions to the UNESCO-sponsored conference in Colombo, Sri Lanka marking World Press Freedom Day on May 3, 2006.

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WorldCat (69)

Wer spricht: Interkulturelle Arbeit und Mehrsprachigkeit im Kontext freier Medien

Fiona Steinert, Helmut Peissl, Katja Weiss (eds.)

Klagenfurt: Drava (2006), 88 pp.

"Mehrsprachige Gesellschaften brauchen mehrsprachige Öffentlichkeiten. Was leisten Freie Medien als Foren der Sprachenvielfalt, und wie spiegelt sich die Debatte um Interkulturalität in ihrem Umfeld wider?" (Verlagsbeschreibung)

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Community Radio for Development: The World and Africa

Patrick Tor Alumuku

Nairobi: Paulines (2006), 272 pp.

"Community radio is best understood against the background of the other forms of broadcasting, namely public service, and commercial or private broadcasting. Unlike these, community broadcasting is not state-owned, but rather community-owned and managed. Neither is it aimed at profit-making, but at ... more

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La influencia de las radios comunitarias: Caso Radio Ayabaca

Milton César Flores Córdoba

Piura (PE): Universidad de Piura (2006), ix, 136 pp.

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Evaluation of UNESCO's Community Multimedia Centres: Final Report

Heather Creech

Paris: UNESCO, Internal Oversight Service, Evaluation Section (2006), 61 pp.

"Since 2001, UNESCO has established more than 87 Community Multimedia Centres (CMCs) in over 22 developing countries in Asia, Africa and Latin America and the Caribbean with major funding provided by the Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation (SDC). The evaluation describes the initiative's ma ... in achievement: 'The CMCs are accepted by and fully integrated into the communities and can in many cases be sustained beyond the pilot phase without core operating grants. The effort and funding that UNESCO has channeled into this transformative initiative have been exceeded by the hard work and commitment of the CMC staff and the communities where they are based. Among other key findings, the evaluators clearly acknowledge the contribution of CMCs to local development, noting that longer term benefits are already being realized within individual communities, such as the gradual removal of barriers to social inclusion, the stimulation of poverty alleviation through access to knowledge of better health, resource management, agriculture practices and the creation of new livelihoods opportunities. CMCs are also recognized as critical tools for local communities to mediate changes brought on by globalization and the advent of new technologies: The CMC role in fostering cultural resilience. The capacity of a community to retain critical knowledge and at the same time adapt to external influences and pressures - is particularly remarkable. In addition to an extensive review of documentation, the evaluation used field research, interviews, questionnaires, an online survey, and case studies to review the CMC initiative, a flagship activity of UNESCO's Communication and Information Sector. Equitable and expanded access to ICTs is promoted in many ways, such as subsidized training for those with special requirements and/or marginalized groups; close work with schools, small businesses and the independent sector; or the provision of information to more remote communities through radio, says the evaluation report. The evaluation also points out challenges faced by the CMC initiative, including the strategic use of CMC networks as delivery mechanisms for development services, from projects and programmes of UN agencies and national governments to those of local civil society groups. Many challenges relate to sustainability of local facilities in low-income and least-developed localities. As CMCs depend on volunteers for the delivery of training, radio programming and other services, they face difficulties in finding appropriate incentives for volunteers and struggle with managing volunteer turnover. Another challenge consists of opportunities for networking and staff development, which to date have been limited. Evaluators point out the need for CMCs to learn from and access expertise more easily and systematically from each other in order to be sustainable. Enabling national policy environments are very important for the development and sustainability of CMCs. Sudden changes in national policies on connectivity charges can destabilize CMCs and broadcast licensing restrictions or restrictions on press freedom can prevent CMCs from being able to broadcast freely and to a broader constituency, says the report." (UNESCO website) more

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WorldCat (90)

Media Communities

Brigitte Hipfl, Theo Hug (eds.)

Münster; New York: Waxmann (2006), 342 pp.

"This book analyzes the different ways in which media are being used for community building and it also critically interrogates the concept of community itself. The authors do that from a variety of different perspectives, ranging from fundamental philosophical questions regarding community, to the ... more

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From the Margins to the Cutting Edge: Community Media and Empowerment

Peter M. Lewis, Susan Jones (eds.)

Cresskill: Hampton Press (2006), vii, 248 pp.

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Community Radio Toolkit
Key Guides

Ally Fogg, Phil Korbel, Cathy Brooks, Steve Lee

Manchester: Radio Regen (2005), 210 pp.

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Radios communautaires: Outils de développement au Sénégal

Yacine Diagne

Paris: Université Paris 13 (Villetaneuse), DEA de Communication (2005), 185 pp.

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Community Multimedia Centres Around the World: A Global Directory

Stella Hughes, Ian Pringle (eds.)

UNESCO (2005), 156 pp.

"Inspired by innovations that emerged from the Kothmale Community Radio and Internet project, Sri Lanka, in 1999 and 2000, UNESCO has since established some fifty CMCs in a wide range of contexts in some twenty countries on three continents. In addition to new facilities and increased local capacity ... more

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Innovative Radio Inspiring Social Change! A Selection of Community Radio Scripts with Accompanying Audio to Inspire Production on Social Development Issues

Venus Jennings

UNESCO; ABC Ulwazi (2005), 85 pp.

"This publication contains a collection of scripts and selected radio episodes that have been produced and distributed by ABC Ulwazi in Southern Africa. The scripts focus on social and health issues, and recognize that local communities are the key drivers of their own development. Each of the progr ... more

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Notas para que suenen las radios ciudadanas

Jeanine El'Gazi (coord.)

Tatiana Duplat; Angie Forero; Camilo Andrés Tamayo (contrib.)

Bogotá: Proyecto Radios Ciudadanos; Ministerio de Cultura (2005), 236 pp.

Promoting Independent Media: Strategies for Democracy Assistance Deep Insights

Community Radio Toolkit Key Guides

Promoting Independent Media: Strategies for Democracy Assistance
Deep Insights

Community Radio Toolkit
Key Guides