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Media Landscape: Lebanon

Lorenzo Trombetta, Caterina Pinto, Roberto Renino

European Journalism Centre (2020)

"The Lebanese media sector is facing a profound crisis and there are many journalists and media staff, working in the local and pan-Arab media outlets based in Beirut, who have not been paid for long time or have lost their jobs. As-Safir, a historic newspaper, was forced to close, and An-Nahar has ... weakened and had to restructure. Even Al-Arabiya and Al-Jazeera offices in Beirut and in the region have reduced the number of their staff members. The only media outlets that resist are those financed by large investors, linked to political-sectarian actors in the region. In the 1970s, Lebanon offered a unique cultural openness and freedom of expression. Beirut was the region’s media hub and the target of important funding for its publications. Investors included Iraq’s former president Saddam Hussein, Libyan leader Muammar Gaddafi, deposed Tunisian president Ben Ali, as well as Saudi royals. Lebanese newspapers were read throughout the Arab world and used to feature articles and op-eds by personalities from all over the region. Gulf countries, but also Iraq and Libya, used to finance Lebanese newsrooms to carry out and support their political battles. As a result, the injection of foreign funding was abundant and steady. Nowadays, with the global economic crises and the new channels of the Gulf, that money has been inexorably vanishing. From the second half of the 19th century, decades before the creation of independent Lebanon in 1946, Beirut boasted pre-eminence in the surrounding Arab regions for the freedom of expression enjoyed by its several newspapers. These are indeed the oldest and most important in the area. Even today, the smallest country in the Middle East is an exception compared to its Arab neighbours in terms of pluralism of the press and broad range of readers. Despite a history of turmoil, Lebanon’s well-educated and critical population has led to one of the most diverse and sophisticated press and media landscapes in the Arab Levant. With newspapers and media outlets in four different languages (Arabic, French, English and Armenian), Beirut has a vibrant media community with relatively high professional standards and free from State control. The Lebanese press does, however, reflect the limitations of the sectarian system that dominates the country, where a newspaper or a TV station is more often than not identified with one of the main religious and political groups. With the media being entangled to the national politics and international influence peddling, journalists are often required to act like political activists. On the one hand the Lebanese State does not control media outlets, contrary to what happens in many other Arab countries; however, on the other hand, political parties have the power to influence and direct the majority of Lebanese media institutions, which therefore reflect the country’s sectarian politics and all too often serve as the mouthpiece for political propaganda. Since media outlets do not rely on readership, but rather on investors as a source of revenue, there is little – if any – interest in producing quality journalism. Moreover, the deep and long-lasting economic crisis did not spare the media and in particular the newspapers. The media sector started to suffer heavily from 2016, when shortage of funding hit several companies and outlets, with the consequent inability of producing quality content and paying wages. Regardless of the political affiliation, the whole sector has reported negative trends and suffered from financial problems, reducing the number, the quality and the circulation of newspapers. The situation faced by Lebanese media reached a critical dimension, as it was defined “free falling” (The Guardian) and “dying” (Middle East Eye). It is unfortunately a common practice to bribe journalists to publish a certain piece of information, or – on the contrary – to avoid any further analysis on specific matters. With the financial crisis newsrooms have been facing, it is even harder for journalists to resist such offers. Lebanese syndicates have asked the government to support the country’s media. Former minister of information Ramzi Joreige announced in 2016 the creation of a $10m fund to back Lebanese newspapers, but the plan was never voted on in parliament. With the creation of a new cabinet in late January 2020, the newly appointed minister of Information is Manal Abdul Samad, an expert on taxation and fiscal policies, with experience in university teaching. In the first months of her mandate, she showed commitment in proposing reform plans for the information and media sector in Lebanon. Considering the outbreak of Covid-19 pandemics, the minister expressed concern on the accuracy of news broadcasted and the intention of drafting a plan to overview and regulate the spread of fake news regarding the virus. In May 2020, she presented a plan for the complete restructuring of the Ministry of Information and the public media sector, which is still under the government’s consideration." (Overview) more

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Internationalizing the Communication Curriculum in an Age of Globalization

Paaige K. Turner, Soumia Bardhan, Tracey Quigley Holden, Eddah M. Mutua (eds.)

London; New York: Routledge (2020), 316 pp.

"This book provides exemplars of how the Communication discipline and curriculum are responding to the demands of globalization and contributing to the internationalization of higher education. Communication as a discipline provides a strong theoretical and methodological framework for exploring the ... more

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You need a thick skin in this game: Journalists’ attitudes to resilience training as a strategy for combatting online violence

Fiona Martin, Colleen Murrell

Australian Journalism Review, volume 42, issue 1 (2020), pp. 93-11.

"In recent years, resilience training has been recommended as a way to protect news workers from the impact of reporting on traumatic events. However, do journalists see it as a useful tool in dealing with online abuse and harassment? This article explores Australian journalists’ conceptions of re ... more

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Journalism Education and Fake News: A Literature Review

Tijana Vukic

Medijska Istraživanja, volume 26, issue 2 (2020), pp. 77-99

"This article offers a scholarly review of the literature and research on journalism education and fake news from an international and a local (Croatian) perspective. The purpose of this paper is to examine the connection between the education for journalists as a scholarly and academic discipline ( ... more

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Media Coverage of Violent Extremism and Terrorism: An Assessment of the Needs of Journalists, Journalism Students, and Spokespersons of Public Institutions

Erlis Çela

Tirana: Albanian Media Institute (2020), 31 pp.

"The study revealed the lack of sufficient knowledge on the part of journalists on violent extremism and terrorism. Furthermore, alongside a lack of expertise on violent extremism, journalists in Albania also display a poor level of knowledge about religions, which makes it even harder for reporters ... more

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Fostering Trauma Literacy: From the Classroom to the Newsroom

Natalee Seely

Journalism & Mass Communication Educator, volume 75, issue 1 (2019), pp. 116-130

"Covering traumatic story assignments is often central to a journalist’s job. Violent crimes, natural disasters, and tragic personal struggles—these are newsworthy events. Studies have associated trauma coverage with higher rates of posttraumatic stress disorder, burnout, and other traumatic str ... more

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Developing Independent Media Associations in Ethiopia

Washington, DC: Mersa Media Institute (2019), 41 pp.

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Journalism and Journalism Education in Developing Countries
Deep Insights

Beatrice Dernbach, Beate Illg (eds.)

Manipal, Kanartaka: Manipal Universal Press (2019), vi, 250 pp.

"This book provides an international perspective on the different aspects of journalism – the situation in which journalists work, their working conditions, educational backgrounds, struggles and successes. It is aimed at an international public interested in the field of journalism and freedom of ... more

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Assessment of Media Development in Bosnia and Herzegovina: Based on UNESCO's Media Development Indicators

Anja Gengo, Enis Omerovic, Kristina Cendic

Paris: UNESCO (2019), 139 pp.

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Indian Journalism in a New Era: Changes, Challenges, and Perspectives

Shakuntala Rao (ed.)

New Delhi: Oxford University Press (2019), xii, 384 pp.

" Given the breadth and scope of India's media, there is little meaningful literature available about journalism practices. This book brings together contribution from 21 Indian and global scholars and journalists to write informatively and critically about Indian journalism today. The contributors ... more

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Journalism Education in Bangladesh: From Aspiring Journalists to Career Professionals

Jude William Genilo, Fahmidul Haq, Shameem Mahmud

Bonn: Deutsche Welle DW Akademie (2019), 66 pp.

"This study aimed to identify the factors that facilitate or inhibit new and aspiring journalists in Bangladesh to prepare for and join the profession. It also sought to determine the factors that would enable or restrict them from acquiring the necessary skill sets (particularly in educational inst ... more

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Media Sustainability Index 2019: The Development of Sustainable Independent Media in Sri Lanka

Washington, DC: IREX (2019), 22 pp.

"Even with a backdrop of political instability, Sri Lanka’s overall 2019 MSI score remained at 1.80, the same as it was the last time the study was conducted in 2017. This year, the Freedom of Speech objective just crossed the threshold into the near sustainable category due to continued improveme ... more

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Karoronga, Kele’a, Talanoa, Tapoetethakot and Va: Expanding Millennial Notions of a ‘Pacific Way’ Journalism Education and Media Research Culture

David Robie

Media Asia, volume 46, issue 1-2 (2019), pp. 1-17

"University-based journalism education was introduced to the South Pacific in Papua New Guinea at independence in 1975 and in Fiji at the regional University of the South Pacific in 1987, while Technical Vocational Educational and Training institutions have been a more recent addition in the region. ... more

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Enseñar y aprender la radio en América Latina y el Caribe: Radiografías de este presente

Tito Ballesteros López, Oscar E. Bosetti, Graciela Martínez Matías (eds.)

Quito: CIESPAL (2019), 262 pp.

"Enseñar y aprender la Radio en América Latina y el Caribe. Radiografías de este presente, es un libro que logra recoger el pensamiento, la reflexión y el proceso pedagógico de 63 docentes de 12 países que imparten la asignatura de Radio en distintas universidades de estas regiones. Cada coord ... more

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Journalism in Libya: A Cross-Media Perspective

Marco Di Donato, Cristina Stefanelli (eds.)

Rome: Mediterranean Universities Union (UNIMED); PAgES Post-Crisis Journalism in Post-Crisis Libya (2019), 78 pp.

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Media Sustainability Index 2019: The Development of Sustainable Independent Media in Europe and Eurasia

Linda Trail (ed.)

Washington, DC: IREX (2019), xxi, 308 pp.

"The 2019 Europe and Eurasia Media Sustainability Index (MSI) saw another improvement in the combined average score for the 21 countries studied: In 2018, the combined average score was 1.84, and in 2019 this increased to 1.86. In comparison with the previous year’s study, there were modest gains ... more

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The Media in Arab Countries: From Development Theories to Cooperation Policies

Tourya Guaaybess

London; Hoboken: ISTE; Wiley (2019), xxi, 173 pp.

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Media Sustainability Index 2019: Kosovo

Washington, DC: IREX (2019), 22 pp.

"Kosovo’s overall score for the MSI dropped slightly this year, in comparison to its overall score of 2.56 in the previous year’s study. Despite this decline, Kosovo remains in the “near sustainability” classification. The 2019 chapter for Kosovo shows drops in the scores for the freedom of ... more

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Media Sustainability Index 2020: The Development of Sustainable Independent Media in Sri Lanka

Washington, DC: IREX (2019), 22 pp.

"The year 2019 was challenging for Sri Lanka, with the Easter Sunday Attacks and the subsequent anti-Muslim riots paralyzing the country and the economy. After the Easter Sunday attacks, the first terrorist attacks on Sri Lankan soil in a decade, it was expected that the media would play a responsib ... more

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Recherche-étude sur la formation au journalisme en Tunisie

Michel Leroy

Media Up Programme d’Appui aux Médias Tunisiens; Centre Africain de Perfectionnement des Journalistes et Communicateurs (CAPJC) (2018), 62 pp.

"1. A la lumière de l’attrait du Mastère professionnel (MP) « cross-media » pour les étudiants comme pour les employeurs et d’autres expériences de concours sélectifs, l’ Institut de presse et des sciences de l’information (Ipsi) gagnerait à créer un MP majoritairement ouvert aux au ... more

Journalism and Journalism Education in Developing Countries Deep Insights

Journalism and Journalism Education in Developing Countries
Deep Insights