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Quasi-Experimental Approaches
INTRAC (2017), 6 pp.
"Experimental approaches work by comparing changes in a group that receives a development intervention with a group that does not. The difference is then attributed to the intervention. In a full experimental approach, units are randomly allocated to two groups – one that receives the intervention
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Utilisation-Focused Evaluation
INTRAC (2017), 2 pp.
"Utilisation-focused evaluations (UFEs) are based on the principle that an evaluation should be judged according to how useful it is. UFEs should be planned and implemented in a way that increases the likelihood of the findings being used. This normally means identifying the primary users of an eval
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Developmental Evaluation
INTRAC (2017), 3 pp.
"Developmental evaluation involves long-term relationships between evaluators and project or programme staff. Evaluation is ongoing, which means that feedback can be provided on a continuous basis. Development evaluation is particularly appropriate for projects or programmes working in complex or un
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Randomised Control Trials
INTRAC (2017), 6 pp.
"In a Randomised Control Trial (RCT) different units are randomly assigned to separate groups. One group receives a development intervention and the other does not. Changes in the two groups over time are then compared to accurately measure the effect of the intervention. RCTs have been much debated
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Gender-Responsive Evaluation
INTRAC (2017), 3 pp.
"A gender-responsive evaluation includes two main components. It assesses the degree to which gender and power relationships change as a result of an intervention. And it ensures that women’s voices are prominent throughout the evaluation. Gender-responsive evaluations can be used to evaluate any
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Photography and Video
INTRAC (2017), 3 pp.
"Photography and video can be used as data collection methods. They can also be used to help analyse or communicate information. Photography and video can be used as monitoring and evaluation tools on their own, or in combination with other methodologies. They can both be applied as participatory te
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Indicators
INTRAC (2017), 4 pp.
"Indicators are commonly used in social development to provide evidence of change. They form an important part of most monitoring and evaluation systems and approaches. There are many different types of indicator, including quantitative and qualitative indicators. They can be developed in different
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Qualitative Comparative Analysis
INTRAC (2017), 5 pp.
"Qualitative Comparative Analysis (QCA) is a methodology that enables the analysis of multiple cases in complex situations. It can help explain why change happens in some cases but not others. QCA is designed for use with an intermediate number of cases, typically between 10 and 50. It can be used i
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Secondary Data Sources
INTRAC (2017), 2 pp.
"Sometimes, information is used for planning, monitoring or evaluation that has previously been collected by other people or organisations for their own purposes. This is known as secondary data. There are many potential sources of secondary data. Secondary data can be used at any stage of a project
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Click! Using YouTube as a Training Tool
INTRAC (2015), 15 pp.
"This praxis note suggests some possible ways to harness YouTube in support of civil society development. Firstly, it examines the ways in which YouTube might be used. Secondly, there are suggestions of particular clips that INTRAC staff and others have found useful." (Page 2)
Developing M&E Systems for Complex Organisations: A Methodology
Oxford: INTRAC (2009), 36 pp.
"The paper is divided into two parts: Part One describes a methodology for designing an M&E system. This covers a number of stages from defining the scope and purpose of the system to its eventual roll out. However, it does not cover the implementation of the M&E system. Part Two addresses many of t
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Tracking Progress in Advocacy: Why and How to Monitor and Evaluate Advocacy Projects and Programmes
Oxford: INTRAC (2009), 11 pp.
"This paper introduces the scope of, and rational for, engaging in advocacy work as part of development interventions. It then focuses on the issue of monitoring and evaluating these efforts – offering reasons why and when these processes should be planned and implemented, what’s involved, and w
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Rising to the Challenges: Assessing the Impacts of Organisational Capacity Building
Oxford: INTRAC (2005), 29 pp.
"This Praxis Paper offers a brief overview of current thinking and practice in relation to the impact assessment of organisational capacity building interventions. The paper highlights some of the conceptual, methodological and practical challenges (issues of clarity, power and culture, among others
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Sharpening the Development Process: A Practical Guide to Monitoring and Evaluation
Oxford: INTRAC (2003), xi, 139 pp.
"This book provides a detailed introduction to the process of developing monitoring and evaluation systems which will provide a foundation on which to develop personal and organisational learning. It is based on INTRAC’s research, consultancy and training work and is rooted in real experiences. Th
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People and Change: Exploring Capacity Building in NGOs
Oxford: INTRAC (2002), 161 pp.
"People and Change is about improving the impact of capacity building. Based on many years of practical experiences with NGOs, largely in Africa, this book argues that for capacity building programmes to be more effective we must: better appreciate the complex and highly personal dimensions to organ
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The Role of the Church in Advocacy: Case Studies from Southern and Eastern Africa
INTRAC (1999), 101 pp.
"The primary objective of this research has been to review the experiences and analyse the role of the mainline churches in advocacy in support of human rights, democracy and poverty alleviation in Africa. It has set out to identify what is the particular contribution that churches can bring to such
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"This book is an attempt to set out guidelines for evaluating social development processes. Intendend as a practical guide for undertaking the evaluation of social development projects this book combines a theoretical overview of the concepts involved, and insights into evaluation planning and imple
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