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M&E of Advocacy
INTRAC (2020), 6 pp.
"Monitoring and evaluating advocacy work involves unique challenges. These can usually be overcome provided expectations are realistic. Ongoing monitoring and evaluation carried out during advocacy interventions should enhance and support real-time decision-making. Advocacy evaluations should includ
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Aggregation and Summarisation
INTRAC (2019), 7 pp.
"CSOs sometimes need to summarise or aggregate information across multiple interventions. This can be a difficult and challenging task, especially for large non-governmental organisations (NGOs) working in many different countries and/or sectors. Summarisation and aggregation can be achieved through
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Surveys and Questionnaires
INTRAC (2017), 5 pp.
"Surveys and questionnaires are designed to collect and record information from multiple people, groups or organisations in a consistent way. Surveys and questionnaires can be used on their own as data collection tools. They are also an essential part of some more complex data collection and analysi
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Photography and Video
INTRAC (2017), 3 pp.
"Photography and video can be used as data collection methods. They can also be used to help analyse or communicate information. Photography and video can be used as monitoring and evaluation tools on their own, or in combination with other methodologies. They can both be applied as participatory te
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Randomised Control Trials
INTRAC (2017), 6 pp.
"In a Randomised Control Trial (RCT) different units are randomly assigned to separate groups. One group receives a development intervention and the other does not. Changes in the two groups over time are then compared to accurately measure the effect of the intervention. RCTs have been much debated
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Theory of Change
INTRAC (2017), 4 pp.
"A Theory of Change approach to planning and evaluation is increasingly being considered essential practice within social development. Theories of Change can be developed in many ways. Common elements include an articulation of how change happens in a particular context, clarification of an organisa
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Indicators
INTRAC (2017), 4 pp.
"Indicators are commonly used in social development to provide evidence of change. They form an important part of most monitoring and evaluation systems and approaches. There are many different types of indicator, including quantitative and qualitative indicators. They can be developed in different
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Most Significant Change
INTRAC (2017), 4 pp.
"The Most Significant Change (MSC) technique is a form of participatory monitoring and evaluation. It involves the collection and selection of stories of change, produced by programme or project stakeholders. MSC can be used in projects and programmes where it is not possible to precisely predict de
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Quasi-Experimental Approaches
INTRAC (2017), 6 pp.
"Experimental approaches work by comparing changes in a group that receives a development intervention with a group that does not. The difference is then attributed to the intervention. In a full experimental approach, units are randomly allocated to two groups – one that receives the intervention
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Types of Evaluation
INTRAC (2017), 4 pp.
"There are many different types of evaluation. Each type has its own set of processes and/or principles. Many factors influence decisions over what type of evaluation to use. Evaluations can be categorised according to their purpose, who conducts them, when they are carried out, the broad approach u
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Participatory Evaluation
INTRAC (2017), 3 pp.
"A participatory evaluation actively involves key stakeholders, especially the intended beneficiaries of a project or programme, in the design and implementation of the evaluation. Participatory evaluations can be carried out for many reasons. The two most common are to empower beneficiaries to bett
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Impact Grids
INTRAC (2017), 3 pp.
"An impact grid is a tool that helps stakeholders involved in a development intervention to analyse multiple changes by mapping those changes onto a grid. A typical grid charts the extent of change alongside the degree of contribution of the intervention. Impact grids can be used for many different
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Outcome Harvesting
INTRAC (2017), 5 pp.
"Outcome harvesting is a monitoring and evaluation methodology used to identify, describe, verify and analyse the changes brought about through a development intervention. It is designed to collect evidence of change, and then work backwards to assess contribution to that change. It was partly inspi
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Impact Assessment
INTRAC (2017), 5 pp.
Gender-Responsive Evaluation
INTRAC (2017), 3 pp.
"A gender-responsive evaluation includes two main components. It assesses the degree to which gender and power relationships change as a result of an intervention. And it ensures that women’s voices are prominent throughout the evaluation. Gender-responsive evaluations can be used to evaluate any
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Utilisation-Focused Evaluation
INTRAC (2017), 2 pp.
"Utilisation-focused evaluations (UFEs) are based on the principle that an evaluation should be judged according to how useful it is. UFEs should be planned and implemented in a way that increases the likelihood of the findings being used. This normally means identifying the primary users of an eval
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Developmental Evaluation
INTRAC (2017), 3 pp.
"Developmental evaluation involves long-term relationships between evaluators and project or programme staff. Evaluation is ongoing, which means that feedback can be provided on a continuous basis. Development evaluation is particularly appropriate for projects or programmes working in complex or un
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Programme Indicators
INTRAC (2017), 4 pp.
"Some programme indicators are designed to be collected at programme level. Others are designed to capture, summarise or aggregate information collected at project or partner level. It is important to clarify how information on indicators is transmitted between different levels of a programme." (Int
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Monitoring
INTRAC (2017), 6 pp.
"Monitoring is the systematic and continuous collection and analysis of information about the progress of a development intervention. Monitoring is done to ensure that all the people who need to know about an intervention are properly informed, and so that decisions can be taken in a timely manner.
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"Sampling is a process that enables information to be collected from a small number of individuals or organisations within a project or programme, and then used to draw conclusions about a wider population. There are many different sampling methods. Quantitative analysis tends to require large, rand
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