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Evaluating the impact of information campaigns in the field of migration: A systematic review of the evidence, and practical guidance

Jasper Tjaden, Sandra Morgenstern, Frank Laczko

Geneva: International Organization for Migration (IOM); Global Migration Data Analysis Centre (GMDAC) (2018), 50 pp.

"Information campaigns designed to raise awareness of the potential risks of (irregular) migration have attracted much attention and investment across the world in recent years. Studies have repeatedly shown that many migrants start their journeys with limited or biased information and end up in vul ... nerable situations. In response, information campaigns have increased in number and the type, format, messages and strategy of such campaigns have diversified. This report presents the results from a systematic literature review of evaluations of such information campaigns in the field of migration. The study reveals that the evidence base available for programming and policymaking in this area is strikingly limited. We find that the uptake in the use of information campaigns has far outpaced any rigorous assessment of the effects that different campaigns may have on their respective target groups. In the absence of reliable evidence, the debate on the potential of this policy tool often relies on largely anecdotal evidence. Better evidence can show how information campaigns can be designed to best achieve their intended effects given the particular circumstances. The current lack of evidence limits the impact of future campaigns. While rigorous assessment of campaign impact can be difficult and costly, better evidence is clearly needed – wherever feasible and appropriate. Based on an extensive, systematic literature review, 60 relevant evaluations of information campaigns that targeted potential migrants and traffickers, as well as communities at large, were identified from a pool of 3,600 records. Only 30 of the selected campaign evaluations had publicly available results; the rest were collected through expert referrals. Two studies were published in peer-reviewed journals. Among the campaigns featured in the 60 studies, the most popular communication tools were workshop-type activities and cable TV programmes/advertisements. Most campaigns focused on trafficking, followed by irregular migration and, more generally, smuggling. A common issue is the lack of a clearly defined campaign objective and/or target group. This hampers any rigorous evaluation of programme effects. Whenever an objective is defined, it is most often aimed at “awareness-raising” and “knowledge generation.” The majority of the campaign evaluations claimed that the campaign under study was “successful” in inducing a change in knowledge, perceptions, attitudes and – to a lesser degree – (intended) behaviour. However, most of the evaluations reviewed provided relatively little evidence of the full impact of information campaigns. While many of the evaluations reported the number and profiles of campaign recipients or beneficiaries, impact was not directly measured. (In the evaluation literature, impact is defined as a change in outcome that is directly attributable to the programme and not any other factor.) Most of the evaluations identified did not meet minimum standards for robust evidence on programme effects. The large majority of evaluations were based on based on cross-sectional surveys of small numbers of participants (N) sampled at convenience, limiting the generalizability of the results. Only a few large-N studies employed a control-group design or involved pre- and post-measurements. None employed a (quasi-)experimental method for causal inference (e.g. randomized controlled trial, which is considered the “gold standard” for measuring impact)." (Executive summary) more

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Media Coverage of Migration: A Practical Guide for Journalists

Samuel Turpin

Dakar: International Organization for Migration (IOM) (2018), 36 pp.

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Public Attitudes on Migration: Rethinking How People Perceive Migration. An Analysis of Existing Opinion Polls in the Euro-Mediterranean Region

James Dennison, Lenka Drazanová

European Union; International Centre for Migration Policy Development (ICMPD); EUROMED Migration (2018), 102 pp.

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How Effective is Communication in the Rohingya Refugee Response? An Evaluation of the Common Service for Community Engagement and Accountability

Nicola Bailey, Mahmuda Hoque, Katherine Michie, Fuad Ur Rabbi

London: BBC Media Action (2018), 30 pp.

"A survey, conducted in July 2018, interviewed 750 people from the Rohingya community and 750 people from the host community (local Bangladeshi citizens) about how they access information, what they think of the information and how they communicate with aid providers. The survey tracked how perceive ... d provision of information has changed since an initial information needs assessment, carried out by Internews, in October 2017 [...] The survey shows that people feel substantially more informed in July 2018 than they did in October 2017. The Internews study in October found that only 23% of Rohingya men and women felt they had enough information to make good decisions for themselves and their family. This recent study shows that 84% feel they have enough information to make good decisions for themselves and their families and three quarters (75%) of the Rohingya community said it had become easier to get information over the last six months. This is similar to other data collected – a recent Translators without Borders study found that 68% of Rohingya refugees feel they have enough information to make decisions. During fieldwork, almost a third (30%) of Rohingya survey respondents asked the data collectors questions such as, did they know where to collect relief, or did they know anything about the Government’s plans for repatriation? This suggests that while the Rohingya community feel better informed than when they first arrived, they still have many questions, particularly around their future – only 41% of respondents said they felt informed about their options for the future. The survey showed that the current key information needs of the Rohingya and host community are around their main concerns – where to find food. The Rohingya are also worried about sourcing cooking fuel, while the host community is seeking information around financial support as a result of perceived declining employment opportunities [...] Mahjis (Rohingya community leaders) are the main source of information for Rohingya people (mentioned by 87% of participants) and are now the most trusted source of information (they were only ranked 7th in the October 2017 information needs assessment). This increase in trust may be reflective of how agencies and camp coordinators are more systematically using mahjis to share information with people in their camp block. Mahjis are the main channel through which Rohingya communities say they communicate with aid providers (mentioned by 38% of respondents)." (Executiv summary) more

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The Representation of Immigration in Brazilian Online News Reporting

Heri Pontes

London: London School of Economics and Political Science (LSE), Media@LSE (2018), 29 pp.

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Spaces of Inclusion: An Explorative Study on Needs of Refugees and Migrants in the Domain of Media Communication and on Responses by Community Media

Nadia Bellardi, Brigitta Busch, Jonas Hassemer, Helmut Peissl, Salvatore Scifo

Strasbourg: Council of Europe; Community Media Institute (COMMIT) (2018), 56 pp.

"This report explores the media habits and particular needs of refugees and migrants in the domain of media communication. Good practice examples show how community media can meet the communicative needs of refugees and migrants by offering training and space for self-representation, and by offering ... more

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When Facts Don't Matter: How to Communicate More Effectively About Immigration's Costs and Benefits

Natalia Banulescu-Bogdan

Washington, DC: Migration Policy Institute (MPI) (2018), 25 pp.

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Rapid Assessment on Information Ecosytem and Access to Justice for SGBV Survivors, Kyangwali Refugee Settlement, Uganda

Brice Rambaud, Stijn Aelbers, Nkirote Laiboni, Kenneth Okwir

Internews (2018), 39 pp.

"Between October and December 2018, Internews carried out a rapid assessment in Kyangwali to examine two key issues: the settlement’s information ecosystem, and the formal and informal justice system operational in the settlement and available particularly to survivors of sexual and gender-based v ... more

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Information Needs Assessment: Gao, Mali

Lucas Destrijckes et al.

Washington, DC et al.: Internews (2018), 63 pp.

"This study analyses if people on the move in the northeastern region of Mali, more specifically in the city of Gao, have accurate information at their disposal. It maps information needs and habits of migrant communities in Gao to better understand how these individuals and communities receive info ... more

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Humanitarian Feedback Mechanisms in the Rohingya Response, Cox's Bazar, Bangladesh

Stijn Aelbers, Viviane Lucia Fluck, Jyoti Rahaman

Internews (2018), 53 pp.

"Since August 2017 over 671,000 people (mostly Rohingya) have crossed the border from Myanmar to Bangladesh to escape violence in Rakhine State. There are now more than one million Rohingya refugees staying in campsites along the Bangladeshi side of the border. In September 2017 Internews conducted ... more

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Communication Interventions Supporting Positive Civic Action in Lebanon

Dylan O'Driscoll

Brighton (UK): K4D; Institute of Development Studies (IDS) (2018), 24 pp.

"This rapid review synthesises data from academic, policy and NGO sources on the role media can play in creating/easing tensions between refugees and the host community, and within the host community itself. Acknowledging the importance media can play in perceptions, and considering the confessional ... more

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Assessing the Freedom of Expression of Syrian Refugee Media Outlets

Maria Assaf

for(e)dialogue, volume 2, issue 1 (2018), pp. 50-66

"Syrian post-uprising media outlets arose during the peaceful phase of the Syrian uprising in early 2011 (Salazar-Ferro, CPJ, 2014). Fewer than 30 of these outlets, funded by Western countries, survived and gradually moved to Turkey, escaping censorship and deteriorating security in Syria. In Turkey ... more

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Communicate Widely, Effectively, and Often with Migrants on Evolving Crises and How to Access Help

Mayveline González

International Organization for Migration (IOM); Migrants in Countries in Crisis (MCIC) (2018), 4 pp.

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Die neuen Verbraucher: Wie digitale Informationsangebote für Geflüchtete das Ankommen erleichtern können. Praxisleitfaden

Berlin: iRights (2018), 84 pp.

"Digitaler Verbraucherschutz hilft, Menschen zu erreichen, die sich nicht professionell mit dem Thema beschäftigen und niedrigschwellige, gut verständliche Verbraucherinformationen benötigen. Hier können fremdsprachige Angebote, aber auch Angebote in einfachem Deutsch einen Zugang ermöglichen. ... more

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Migraciones e interculturalidad: Guía para el desarrollo y fortalecimiento de habilidades en comunicación intercultural

Buenos Aires: Organización Internacional para las Migraciones (OIM) (2017), 40 pp.

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From a Refugee Perspective: Discourse of Arabic Speaking and Afghan Refugees and Migrants on Social Media from March to December 2016

UNHCR (2017), 46 pp.

"The main thing I really liked about this project is that UNHCR invested the resources for proper qualitative social media monitoring, as opposed to the purely quantitative analyses that we see so often and which rarely go beyond keyword counting. To complement the social media information, the team ... more

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Mobile Selves: Race, Migration, and Belonging in Peru and the U.S.

Ulla D. Berg

New York; London: New York University Press, paperback ed. (2017), xv, 304 pp.

"Berg examines the conditions under which Peruvians of rural and working-class origins leave the central highlands to migrate to the United States. Migrants often create new portrayals of themselves to overcome the class and racial biases that they had faced in their home country, as well as to cont ... more

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Informar sobre procesos migratorios y minorías: Enfoque & directrices

Respect Words Project (2017), 38 pp.

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Media Coverage on Migration: Promoting a Balanced Reporting

Anna Triandafyllidou

Geneva: International Organization for Migration (IOM) (2017), 6 pp.

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Media, Diaspora and the Somali Conflict

Idil Osman

Cham: Palgrave Macmillan (2017), ix, 156 pp.

"Media, Diaspora and Conflict demonstrates a previously overlooked complexity in diasporic media by using the Somali conflict as a case study to indicate how the media explores conflict in respective homelands, in addition to revealing its participatory role in transnationalising conflicts. By illus ... more