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Assessing the risks of journalists reporting in conflict zones: A case study of Somalia
International Journal of Advanced Mass Communication and Journalism, volume 4, issue 1 (2023), pp. 16-20
"This study was conducted to assess the risks journalists face while reporting in Somalia. It was guided by three specific objectives that included: evaluating the cases of physical attacks on journalists reporting in Somalia, analyzing the cases of arbitrary arrests and imprisonments of journalists
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"The general objective of this Model Protocol is to serve as a reference in the development or updating of intervention and interaction protocols for security forces regarding the media, in accordance with international standards on freedom of expression, access to information and safety of journali
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Mitigating Risks to Journalists in the 2014 Gaza War
Journalism Studies, volume 24, issue 7 (2023), pp. 976-989
"Reporting on the ongoing Israeli-Palestinian conflict poses a significant risk to the physical safety of journalists and other media professionals. At times of heightened conflict between the two sides, the magnitude of the risks journalists face increases exponentially. Journalists reporting from
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Reporting Trauma: Conflict Journalists’ Exposure to Potentially Traumatizing Events, Short- and Long-Term Consequences, and Coping Behavior
Journalism Studies, volume 24, issue 11 (2023), pp. 1398-1417
"Due to the nature of their jobs, journalists reporting from theaters of war, destruction, and violence are frequently exposed to potentially traumatizing experience. This study explores how journalists go about trauma exposure, how they deal with its emotional fallout, and what support they get in
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Syrian journalists covering the war: Assessing perceptions of fear and security
Media, War & Conflict, volume 16, issue 1 (2023), pp. 44-62
"This article analyses the dangers and threats faced by Syrian journalists covering the conflict since the pro-democracy protests erupted in March 2011. While most Western research on the Syrian Revolution has focused on the working difficulties faced by correspondents, parachutists or foreign freel
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"GIJN’s comprehensive, 16-chapter Reporter’s Guide to Investigating War Crimes includes expert advice from more than two dozen specialists and journalists, covering everything from the legal aspects of war, attacks on civilians, conflict-related sexual violence, environmental crimes, banned weap
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Modelling the impact of safety threats on professional journalistic reporting of protests by Indigenous People of Biafra among Nigerian journalists
Journal of International Communication, volume 29, issue 2 (2023), pp. 234-252
"This study aimed to determine the impact of safety challenges on professional journalistic reporting of IPOB protests in Nigeria. A total of 400 Nigerian journalists who were covering IPOB activities were surveyed. Data were analysed using multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA), multivariate an
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Journalistic Responsibilities Amid Primordial Pressure in Reporting Conflict in Benue State, Nigeria
SSRN (2023), 39 pp.
"Conflict is a dangerous situation but when it is properly managed and reported, it becomes a blessing to the parties experiencing it. This study examined the responsibilities of journalists and the pressure they encounter while reporting conflicts in Benue State of Nigeria. The study adopted a qual
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Impact of Job Risks on Job Performance and Propensity to Quit Journalism among Television Camerapersons Covering Conflicts in Nigeria
Electronic News, volume 17, issue 2 (2023), pp. 76-92
"This study examined the impact of job risks on job performance and the propensity to quit journalism among 576 TV camerapersons covering insecurity in Nigeria. The result of the study showed a significant main effect of job risks on job performance, F(2,548)*=*241.016, p*=*.001, eta squared, *p2*=*
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Reporting Conflict from Afar: Journalists, Social Media, Communication Technologies, and War
Journalism Practice, volume 17, issue 2 (2023), pp. 300-318
"We conducted interviews with conflict journalists who covered the conflicts in Syria, Yemen, Libya, and Iraq and who work for the major international news agencies and media companies. These journalists did most of their reporting from remote locations as the conflict zones were too dangerous to be
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Perception of journalists reporting in conflict zones: Labour situation, working conditions and main challenges in information coverage in contexts of violence
Media, War & Conflict, volume 15, issue 4 (2022), pp. 530–552
"A total of 324 journalists have been killed in the world in the last decade. In Latin America and the Caribbean, the situation is alarming. Based on these statistics, this work presents an investigation with journalists from 10 countries. Based on in-depth interviews and the Delphi method, the stud
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The Pen and the Camera Are Not Enemies: Neither Are Uniforms
Paris: UNESCO (2022), 27 pp.
"The relationship between journalists and the security forces shows, almost universally, permanent tension. This document explains […] the reasons why both the press and the exercise of journalism, on the one hand, and the existence of the security forces and their action respecting human rights,
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Covering conflict: Safety, sanity and responsibility
"The chapter reflects upon reporting conflict based on the author’s own experiences from several decades in the field. Exploring the assessments being made around risk and safety as Head of Newsgathering at the BBC, decisions which have echoes in the themes of this book. Through a personal practic
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Protection of Journalists in Armed Conflict: An Insight from the Perspective of International Humanitarian Law
GPH-International Journal of Social Science and Humanities Research, volume 4, issue 6 (2021), pp. 21-30
"War journalism, by the nature of its work, is arguably one of the most dangerous professions in the world. Journalists working in conflict-prone areas are constantly exposed to the inherent threats of the battlefield. Over the period of time, there has been a number of attacks, assaults, and arrest
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The danger of words: Major challenges facing Myanmar journalists on reporting the Rohingya conflict
Media Asia, volume 47, issue 1 (2020), pp. 4-22
"Due to the fighting between the Myanmar Army and the Rohingya militant group Arakan Rohingya Salvation Army (ARSA) in August 2017, hundreds of thousands of stateless Rohingya Muslims fled to Bangladesh. The Myanmar Army was accused of committing torture, atrocities, arson and gang-rapes against the
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Psychological distress in Afghan journalists: A descriptive study
Journal of Aggression, Conflict and Peace Research, volume 2, issue 3 (2020), pp. 115-123
"Afghanistan is one of the world’s most dangerous places for journalists. There are, however, no data on the mental health of Afghan journalists covering conflict in their country. The study aims to determine the degree to which Afghan journalists are exposed to traumatic events, their perceptions
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Could Combat Stress Affect Journalists’ News Reporting? A Psychophysiological Response
Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback, volume 45, issue 4 (2020), pp. 231-239
"Covering war conflicts may compromise the psychological and physical health of journalists because chronic exposure to these environments has been related to depression, memory dissociative processes, and post-traumatic stress disorder; however, acute effects have not been studied yet. Thus, a comb
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Reporting in Conflict Zones in Pakistan: Risks and Challenges for Fixers
Media and Communication, volume 8, issue 1 (2020), pp. 37-46
"As a backbone of reporting in war and conflicts, fixers offer essential assistance to the foreign correspondent in conflict zones, also in Pakistan. With valuable local knowledge and contacts, fixers can arrange travel to secure entry of foreign correspondents into conflict zones in addition to sec
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Safety of Journalists Covering Protests: Preserving Freedom of the Press During Times of Turmoil
Paris: UNESCO (2020), 16 pp.
"Key trends: Harassment, arrests and physical violence against journalists, mostly by government security forces and sometimes by protestors, have risen in recent years; Press freedom and freedom of expression has been impacted in many countries by these attacks; A range of attacks have been identif
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