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Media Law & Regulation
312
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Media Freedom, Press Freedom
116
Access to Public Information, Freedom of Information, Right to Information
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Freedom of Expression
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Defamation Law & Regulation
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Community Radio Regulation & Licensing
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Television Law & Regulation
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Public Funding & Support Policies for Media
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Safety of Journalists: Law & Public Policies
37
Media Landscapes, Media Systems, Media Situation in General
37
Radio Law & Regulation
35
Regulatory Bodies
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Diversity & Pluralism in Media / Communication
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Self-Regulation of Media
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Media Law & Regulation: International Standards & Practices
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Defamation of Religion (Blasphemy)
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Media Ownership
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Community Radios
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Digital Television
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Intellectual Property
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Journalism
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Democracy / Democratization and Media
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Community Radio Sustainability & Financing
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Media Concentration
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Confidential Sources, Whistleblowing, Protection of Journalists' Sources
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Cybersecurity, Digital Safety, Privacy, Right to Privacy
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Public Service Broadcasting: Regulation & Governance
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Media / Communication Control
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Media Assistance: Law & Regulation, Media Policy Consultancies
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Public Service Broadcasting
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Television
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Hate Speech Legislation & Regulation
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Creative & Cultural Industries
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Journalism Ethics
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Human Rights
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Freedom of Expression Principles
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Censorship
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Hate Speech, Hate Speech in Social Media
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Media Industries
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Press Freedom & Communication Rights Violations
11
Economic Contribution of the Media Industries to GDP
11
Media Viability & Financial Sustainability
11
International Media & Communication Policies
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Law & Regulation: Protection of Confidential Sources & Whistleblowers
11
Plagiarism
10
Community Radio Policies
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Internet / Social Media Law & Regulation
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Disinformation & Misinformation Law & Regulation
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European Union (EU)
10
Safety of Journalists, Safety Risks of Media Workers
10
Democracy
10
Politics and Media
10
Trust in the Media, Credibility of Media
9
UNESCO
9
Media Governance
9
Political Transition and Media
9
Press
9
Public Media, State Media
9
Copyright: Books
8
Open Licensing, Creative Commons, Public Domain
8
Conflict Reporting, Armed Conflict Reporting
8
Media Assistance in Conflict Regions & Fragile Countries
8
Media Law & Regulation in Conflict Areas
8
Humanitarian Law
8
Ethics in Media & Communication
8
Media, Mass Media
8
Media Law & Regulation: Muslim Countries
8
Media Law & Regulation: Transitional Countries
8
Press Law & Regulation
8
Financing Media, Financial Media Management
8
Indigenous Knowledge, Local Knowledge, Traditional Knowledge
8
Authoritarian Regimes: Media Systems & Landscapes
7
Community Media Policies & Regulation
7
Minorities & Disadvantaged Groups: Media Policies & Regulations
7
History of Media & Communication
7
World Information and Communication Order
7
Tax Reductions for Media
7
Internet Governance, Internet Policies
7
Radio
7
Government Advertising, State Advertising
6
Chilling Effects (Discouragement of Legitimate Exercise of Legal Rights)
6
Copyright: Music
6
Community Media Financing & Sustainability
6
Cultural Policies
6
Information Society
6
Media Monopolies & Oligopolies
6
Council of Europe
6
Associations & Networks of Journalists
6
Television Policies
6
Governance & Accountability: Role of Media / Communication
6
Open Source Software
6
Telecommunication Law, Regulation & Policies
6
Access to Media & Information
5
Civic Engagement, Citizen Participation, Civil Society & Media
5
Copyright: Films
5
Legal Threats to Media Freedom
5
Strategic Lawsuits Against Public Participation (SLAPP)
5
Government Communication Strategies
5
Government / State Advertising: Allocation Policies & Regulation
5
Conflict Areas: Media Systems, Media Landscapes, Role of Media
5
War Reporting
5
Music Industries & Markets
5
Television Markets
5
Political Economy of Media
5
Globalisation of Media
5
Satellite Television
5
Journalists
5
Media Assistance
5
Media Assistance: Transition Countries & Defective Democracies
5
MDDA - Media Develoment and Diversity Agency (South Africa)
5
Press Landscapes
5
Human Rights Protection
5
Media Law & Regulation: Constitutional Law
5
National Security Legislation
5
Financing Public Service Media
5
Media Capture, Vested Political & Other Interests in the Media
5
Public & State Television
5
Civil Society
5
Gender Advocacy & Empowerment, Gender Mainstreaming
4
Indirect Censorship, Soft Censorship
4
Community Television
4
Disinformation, Misinformation, Fake News
4
Defamation, Libel, Slander
4
Codes of Journalistic Ethics
4
Gender and Media, Gender and Communication
4
Female Journalists & Media Workers
4
Good Practice Examples
4
Mercosur
4
Investigative Journalism
4
Media Assistance: Financial Sustainability & Management
4
Radio Landscapes
4
Transition Countries: Media Systems & Media Landscapes
4
Media Regulation Practices
4
Accountability & Transparency
4
Corruption & Combating Corruption
4
Television Programming, Programme Structures & Programme Policies
4
Advertising Law & Regulation
3
Media Advocacy, Media Activism
3
Book Markets & Industries
3
Child Protection, Protection of Minors
3
Film Industries
3
Public Film Policies, Film Legislation, Public Film Funding
3
Freedom of Expression Online, Internet Freedom
3
Killings of Journalists & Media Personnel
3
Strategic Communication Planning
3
Community Media
3
Community Radio Setting-Up
3
Community Television Policies & Regulation
3
Media Assistance Projects & Programs: Case Studies
3
Sustainable Development Goals (SDG)
3
Development and Media
3
Big Digital Platforms, Big Tech Companies
3
Content Moderation & Regulation: Social Media
3
Software Industries
3
Racism in Communication & Media
3
Countering Hate Speech, Disinformation & Propaganda
3
Media Markets
3
Sensationalist Journalism, Yellow Press
3
History of the Press
3
United Nations Development Programme (UNDP)
3
Legal Status of Journalists
3
Election Reporting
3
Media Reporting, Reporting on Journalism & Communication Issues
3
Local Communication & Media
3
Media Assistance: Aims, Priorities, Funding Policies
3
Media Assistance: Cooperation Among Stakeholders, Power Relations, Ownership
3
Media Assistance: Public Service Broadcasting
3
Media Democratization
3
Television Landscapes
3
Right to Reply, Right of Recitification
3
Civic Engagement, Citizen & Community Participation
3
Theories of Change
3
Digital Switchover
3
Technological Change, Technological Developments, Technological Progress
3
Media Assistance: Access to Public Information
2
Advertising
2
Social Movements: Communication Strategies & Practices
2
Media Use, Media Consumption
2
Book Rights, Publishing Contracts, Licenses
2
Film Markets
2
Data Protection: Law & Regulation
2
Copyright: Software
2
Patents
2
Performing Rights
2
Recording Rights
2
Reprint Rights
2
Translation Rights
2
World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO)
2
Media Assistance: Freedom of Expression & Safety of Journalists
2
Harassment & Intimidation of Journalists
2
Self-Censorship
2
State Influence on the Media
2
Right to be Forgotten
2
Alternative Communication & Media
2
Community Radio Contents & Programming
2
Community Radio & Gender
2
Community Radio Management
2
Terrorism
2
Conflicts and Media
2
Extremist & Terrorist Communication Strategies and Media
2
Human Rights Protection & Violations: Media Representation & Reporting
2
Cultural Diversity
2
Cultural Domination, Media Imperialism, Cultural & Media Dependency
2
Convergence of Media
2
Economic Development: Role of ICTs & Media
2
Ethnic Media, Minority Media
2
Economics of Media
2
Informal Sector, Informal Economy
2
Radio Markets
2
Trade, International Trade, Trade Policies, Trade Agreements, Tariffs
2
Press Councils
2
Gender-Based Harassment, Intimidation & Violence
2
Gender Representation & Stereotypes in the Media
2
Indigenous Communication
2
Indigenous Peoples, Indigenous Population
2
International News Flow
2
International Telecommunication Union (ITU)
2
United Nations (UN)
2
Financing Journalism
2
Journalism Education & Training
2
Journalists: Professional Identity & Values
2
Television News
2
Corruption Reporting & Role of Media in Curbing Corruption
2
Language Policies
2
Linguistic Diversity
2
Minority Languages
2
Media Assistance: Regional Approaches & Experiences
2
Media Assistance: Youth Programmes & Media
2
Media Development Indicators
2
Communication & Information Needs
2
Informal Communication Channels, Networks & Structures
2
Post-Socialist Media Systems & Landscapes
2
Small States: Media Systems & Media Landscapes
2
Child Protection: Legislation & Regulation
2
Civil Rights
2
Customary Law
2
Frequency Allocation, Radio Frequency & Spectrum Management
2
Human Rights Violations
2
Judiciary & Penal System
2
Media Complaints / Sanctions Procedures
2
Religious Freedom
2
Transitional Justice
2
Financing Press & Print Media
2
South African Broadcasting Corporation (SABC)
2
Democratization
2
Influence of Media on Politics
2
National Identity & Media, Nationalism & Communication
2
Public Spheres
2
Newspapers
2
Stakeholders, Stakeholder Analysis, Stakeholder Participation
2
Commercial Radios
2
Comparative Approaches & Methods in Communication Research
2
Social Aspects
2
Digital Radio
2
Telecommunications
2
Commercial Television
2
Television Channels
2
Rede Globo (Television Network, Brazil)
2
Flow of Information
1
Advertising Markets & Industries
1
Radio Advertising
1
Transnational Advertising, International Advertising
1
Advocacy
1
Lobbying
1
Film Audiences, Film Consumption
1
Media Use: Urban Populations
1
News Consumption & Information Sources of Media Users
1
Television Consumption, Televison Use, Television Audiences
1
Authoritarian Regimes, Dictatorships
1
Media Assistance: Authoritarian Countries
1
Media Law & Regulation: Authoritarian Regimes
1
Campaigning
1
Political Campaigns
1
Catholic Radios
1
Children and Media
1
Children's Television Programmes
1
Christian Communication
1
Igreja Universal do Reino de Deus (IURD)
1
Communication Pastoral, Media Pastoral
1
Liberation Theologies
1
Cinema
1
Film Financing
1
Digital Media Censorship, Control & Filtering, Internet & Social Media Censorship
1
Copyright: Photos & Illustrations
1
Digital Rights Management
1
TRIPS (Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property)
1
Violence Against Journalists & Media Personnel
1
Surveillance, Surveillance Technologies, Spyware
1
OSCE Representative of Freedom of the Media
1
Community Communication
1
Citizen Journalism, Community Journalism
1
Community Radio Associations & Networks
1
Foro Argentino de Radios Comunitarias (FARCO)
1
Community Radio Governance & Ownership
1
Media Assistance: Community Radios
1
Participatory Communication
1
Telecentres, Community Telecentres, Internet Cafés
1
Holocaust
1
Civil Wars
1
War Crimes
1
Conflict-Sensitive & Peace Journalism
1
Conflict-Sensitive Radio Journalism, Radio in Conflict Prevention & Transformation
1
Transitional Justice Reporting
1
Content Analysis (Research Method)
1
Media Criticism
1
Media Monitoring, Media Observatories
1
Culture and Communication, Culture and Media
1
Alternative Cultures, Protest Cultures
1
Popular Art, Folk Art, Handicrafts
1
Collective Identities & Media
1
Culture (General)
1
Traditional Cultures
1
Development Assistance
1
Democracy Assistance
1
Nonprofit Organizations, NGOs
1
International Development Cooperation
1
Development Communication, Communication for Development (C4D)
1
Development Communication Theories
1
Rural Radio Programmes, Rural Radios, Rural Development & Radio
1
Cyberbullying, Cyberharassment
1
Digital Ethics, AI Ethics, Social Media Ethics, Data & Information Ethics
1
Digital Platforms & Intermediaries
1
Digital Platform & Intermediaries Regulation
1
E-Governance, E-Democracy
1
Spam & Scam
1
ICANN
1
Internet
1
Multimedia Products & Production
1
Online Communication
1
Political Blogging
1
Financing Digital / Online Media
1
Open Access Publishing
1
Search Engines
1
Digitalization, Digital Transformation
1
ICT Effects & Impact
1
ICT Regulation
1
Ethnic / Minority Radio Programmes
1
Ethnic / Minority Television Programmes
1
Minority Rights
1
Religious Minorities & Media
1
Romani People
1
Disaster & Humanitarian Crisis Reporting
1
Earthquakes, Floods, Tsunamis, Natural Disasters
1
Documenting Human Rights Violations
1
Libraries
1
Commercial Broadcasting
1
Digital Economies & Markets
1
Press Distribution
1
Television Industries
1
Media Market Transparency
1
Press Markets
1
Foreign Media Investments, Foreign Media Ownership
1
Media Ownership Regulation & Transparency
1
Private / Commercial Media Ownership
1
Nonprofit Journalism, Nonprofit Media
1
Market Liberalization, Economic Liberalization
1
Neoliberalism
1
Public Goods, Commons
1
Taxes
1
Curricula: School Education
1
Instructional Media & Teaching Materials
1
Open Educational Resources (OER)
1
Training
1
Sports Reporting
1
Environmental Communication
1
Biodiversity Communication
1
Extractive Industries & Mining Reporting
1
Accountability & Transparency of the Media
1
Countering Defamation & Harassment
1
Editorial Guidelines
1
Objectivity & Veracity of Reporting
1
Fact-Checking & Verification of Sources
1
Bias in News Media
1
Sexuality: Media Representation, Sexually Explicit Media Content, Pornography
1
Evaluation Criteria, Evaluation Indicators
1
Media Assistance: Evaluation, Monitoring, Impact Assessment
1
Feminism & Communication
1
Gender-Based Online Harassment & Sexual Threats
1
Decolonial & Non-Western Approaches
1
Food, Food Security, Nutrition
1
HIV / AIDS Communication
1
Sexual Health Communication, Reproductive Health Education, Family Planning
1
Tobacco Counter-Marketing, Smoking Cessation Campaigning, Nicotine Addiction Reporting
1
Colonial Legacies
1
History (General)
1
History of Telecommunication
1
History of Television
1
Indigenous Media, Indigenous Language Media Productions
1
Indigenous Radio Broadcasting
1
Indigenous Rights, Indigenous Jurisdiction & Customary Law
1
Public Funding & Support Policies: Indigenous Communication
1
Intercultural Dialogue
1
European Broadcasting Union (EBU)
1
International Press Institute (IPI)
1
Regional (Transnational) Integration & Communication
1
Transnational Television, International Television
1
Global Governance
1
UNESCO & IPDC Media Assistance
1
World Trade Orgaization (WTO)
1
International Federation of Journalists (IFJ)
1
Reporters Sans Frontièrs
1
Radio Journalism Education
1
Journalistic Quality
1
Journalistic Research Methods
1
Labour Market for Journalists
1
News Values, News Selection Criteria
1
News Agencies
1
Reporting & Media Representation: Specific Issues
1
Court Reporting & Media Representation of Judicial System
1
Drug Trafficking Reporting & Media Representation
1
Political Reporting
1
Local Radios, Local Radio Programmes
1
Local Television
1
Financing Media: Philanthropic Support
1
Media Assistance Donors: Multilateral Organizations
1
Media Assistance: Self-Regulation, Accountability & Transparency of Media
1
Netherlands: Media Assistance
1
Communication
1
Communication Systems
1
COVID-19 Pandemic: Effects on Journalism, Media & Communication
1
Dissemination of Information
1
Information Exchange
1
Social Communication
1
Deregulation & Liberalisation of Media
1
Media Privatization
1
Radio Policies
1
Media & Information Literacy
1
Media System Analyses & Typologies
1
Socialist Media Systems
1
Accreditation of Journalists
1
Consumer Protection
1
Criminal Law & Criminal Prosecution
1
Media Content Regulation
1
Nationalisation of Media
1
Rule of Law
1
Broadcasting Companies
1
Organisational & Governing Structures of Media
1
Quality Criteria, Quality Standards
1
Media Outlets, Media Associations
1
Asociación de Radios y Programas Participativos de El Salvador (ARPAS)
1
PRISA (Spain)
1
Music
1
Music Videos
1
Pop Music
1
Radio Music
1
People with Disabilities & Communication / Media
1
Politics
1
Governance
1
Government
1
Capitalism
1
Fragile / Post-Conflict States
1
Public Interest
1
Agenda Setting
1
Independent & Oppositional Media
1
Political Parties: Communication Strategies
1
Propaganda
1
El Comercio (Newspaper, Peru)
1
Yellow Press
1
Local Ownership, Local Stakeholder Participation
1
Project Design, Project Planning
1
Public & State Radios
1
Religious Radio Programmes
1
Radio Networks
1
Radio Engineering & Technologies
1
Media Effects
1
Oppression
1
Manipulation
1
Confucianism
1
Hinduism and Communication
1
Islam and Communication
1
Judaism and Communication
1
Religious Discrimination, Persecution of / Violence Against Religious Groups
1
Research in Media & Communication
1
Communication & Media Indicators
1
Research Methods
1
Data Analysis & Interpretation
1
Data Collection, Data Collection Methods
1
Indicators & Indices
1
Freedom of the Press Index (Freedom House)
1
Interviewing (Qualitative Research Method)
1
Statistical Data: Collection, Analysis & Interpretation
1
Science Communication & Research Dissemination
1
Society
1
Civic Coalitions
1
Apartheid
1
Participation
1
Social Justice
1
Society & Media, Media Sociology
1
Radio Broadcasting Equipment & Technologies
1
Radio Production Equipment & Technologies
1
Satellite Communication & Information Services
1
Satellite Communication Technologies
1
Satellites
1
Software
1
Television Engineering & Technologies
1
Mobile Phones, Smartphones
1
Pay TV, Pay Television
1
Rede Record (Television Channel, Brazil)
1
Television Programmes & Genres
1
Cultural Television Programmes
1
Non-Western Communication Approaches
1
Language
Document type
Countries / Regions
Authors & Publishers
Media focus
Publication Years
Methods applied
Journals
Output Type
Blasphemy and Religious Defamation: What Are the Limits to Our Freedom?
TAFHIM: IKIM Journal of Islam and the Contemporary World, volume 12, issue 2 (2019), pp. 31-58
"Incidents of blasphemy and religious defamation occur around the world, often provoking angry, and sometimes violent reactions from religious adherents. However, laws prohibiting blasphemy and religious defamation are heavily criticised as being against freedom of speech, despite their effect on ra
...
Tanzania Media Laws: A Handbook for Practitioners
USAID (2019), 70 pp.
Dashed Hopes: The Criminalization of Peaceful Expression in Myanmar
Human Rights Watch (2019), 87 pp.
"This report—based largely on interviews in Myanmar and analysis of legal and policy changes since 2016—assesses the NLD government’s record on freedom of expression and assembly in its more than two years in power. It updates Human Rights Watch’s prior report, “They Can Arrest You at Any
...
Policy Update: Pakistan's Blasphemy Law
Washington, DC: United States Commission on International Religious Freedom (USCIRF) (2019), 3 pp.
Road to 2030: Access to Information in the Driver’s Seat
Deutsche Welle DW Akademie; Free Press Unlimited; Global Forum for Media Development (GFMD) (2019), 68 pp.
"Spotlight report on the state of public access to information in Canada, Indonesia, Mongolia, Pakistan, Serbia, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Tanzania, Tunisia, and Ukraine prepared for the 2019 cycle of the Voluntary National Reviews and the 2019 UN High Level Political Forum." (Subtitle)
The Right of Access to Information: An Important Step in the Fight Against Corruption in Morocco?
KAS International Reports, issue 4 (2019), pp. 52-63
"Morocco is no stranger to the global problem of corruption and the associated lack of public trust in the country’s administration. Public pressure, especially during the Arab Spring, resulted in a constitutional amendment in 2011 and people being given the right of access to information. Citizen
...
Subsidies: Fuel for the Media
In: Comparative Media Policy, Regulation and Governance in Europe: Unpacking the Policy Cycle
Leen d’Haenens, Helena Sousa, Josef Trappel (eds.)
Chicago, Bristol: intellect (2018), pp. 73-91
"Media subsidies have proved useful and appropriate as means to attain both economic and value-related objectives. Media companies often prefer indirect (and less transparent) ‘fuel’, while States favour direct subsidies. However, there is little scientific research on the actual impact of media
...
Speech and Society in Turbulent Times: Freedom of Expression in Comparative Perspective
Cambridge et al.: Cambridge University Press (2018), xix, 334 pp.
"This volume explores how societies are addressing challenging questions about the relationship between expression, traditional and societal values, and the transformations introduced by new information communications technologies. It seeks to identify alternative approaches to the role of speech an
...
Media, Conflict, and the State in Africa
New York, NY: Cambridge University Press (2018), xiii, 175 pp.
"Countries emerging from violent conflict face difficult challenges about what the role of media should be in political transitions, particularly when attempting to build a new state and balance a difficult legacy. Media, Conflict, and the State in Africa discusses how ideas, institutions and intere
...
Explanatory Memorandum: Declaration on Media Freedom in the Arab World
International Federation of Journalists (IFJ) (2018), 34 pp.
"On 3 May 2016, the Declaration on Media Freedom in the Arab World (Declaration or Arab Declaration) was adopted at a groundbreaking event in Casablanca, Morocco, attended by over 100 delegates representing journalists’ unions, human rights campaigners and media groups from across the Arab World.
...
Justicia profana: El jurado de imprenta en el Perú
Lima: Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú (2018), 305 pp.
"La libertad de expresión debe convivir con el respeto al derecho ajeno. Pero, ¿quién determina dónde se ubica exactamente ese límite? En una sociedad democrática como la nuestra que está regida por un Estado de derecho, es la ley la que regula esa dinámica. Aunque bien sabemos que las leyes
...
Responding to ‘hate Speech’: Comparative Overview of Six EU Countries
London: Article 19 (2018), 47 pp.
"This publication presents the comparative overview of the legal framework and practices related to ‘hate speech’ in six Member States of the European Union (EU): Austria, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Poland and the United Kingdom. The publication is based on six individual country reports commissio
...
Addressing Hate Speech and Racism in the Media in the Southern Mediterranean: A Review of Formal and Informal Regulatory Approaches
MedMedia (2018), 46 pp.
"This report looks at media practices and regulatory tools that are available to address hate speech and racism in the media, with a focus on eight countries, namely Algeria, Egypt, Lebanon, Jordan, Morocco, Palestine and Tunisia. The first part looks at regulatory approaches to addressing these pro
...
Reforming the Broadcasting Sector in the Southern Mediterranean: A Critical Overview
Tunis: MedMedia Conference (2018), 37 pp.
"The present paper builds on the findings of the previous MedMedia report (Dabbous 2015) by tracking the legal changes that occurred between early 2015 and early 2018. Whenever there are recent legal changes related to broadcasting in general, such changes are mentioned and evaluated. The objective
...
Au-delà de la liberté: Le journaliste face aux infractions de presse
Kinshasa: Journaliste en Danger (JED); Internews (2018), 38 pp.
"Ce petit manuel va à titre didactique répertorier une liste d’infractions de presse pour attirer l’attention des médias et professionnels des médias sur leur responsabilité pénale dans l’exercice de la liberté de presse." (Verso)
International Development Aid Beyond Money: The Push and Pull of Media Democracy Promotion in Three Mercosur Countries
Journal of Latin American Communication Research, volume 6, issue 1-2 (2018), pp. 116-134
"Media democracy promotion is a hidden form of international development aid (IDA). However, the dynamics underlying democracy promotion and their adaptation in local contexts is hardly considered when evaluating or theorizing international media development aid (IMDA). Multi-lateral organizations (
...
Towards Media Sector Reform in the Southern Mediterranean Region: Key Results
Top Insights
MedMedia (2018), 24 pp.
"Part of a €17 million EU-funded programme entitled “Media and Culture for Development in the Southern Mediterranean”, MedMedia was implemented in the Southern Mediterranean from January 2014 until May 2018. The MedMedia programme has given media policy makers, regulators, public service broad
...
Legal Standards on Freedom of Expression: Toolkit for the Judiciary in Africa
Paris: UNESCO (2018), 218 pp.
"The toolkit encompasses a broad variety of issues, which should be considered by judicial actors in the course of their work to protect human rights. It covers legal standards of freedom of expression according to international and regional instruments and core texts and surveys pertinent jurisprud
...
The Handbook of Privacy Studies: An Interdisciplinary Introduction
Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press (2018), 456 pp.
"The Handbook of Privacy Studies is the first book in the world that brings together several disciplinary perspectives on privacy, such as the legal, ethical, medical, informatics and anthropological perspective. Privacy is in the news almost every day: mass surveillance by intelligence agencies, th
...
Unpacking the Blasphemy Laws of Pakistan
Asian Affairs, volume 49, issue 2 (2018), pp. 319-339
"Over the years, Pakistan's notorious blasphemy laws have been a central instrument for the persecution of religious minorities. While these laws are colonial in origin, they exist today within the context of a general Islamisation of laws, which combined with the state's inability to hold a monopol
...
