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Defining “Fake News”: A Typology of Scholarly Definitions

Edson C. Tandoc Jr., Zheng Wei Lim, Richard Ling

Digital Journalism, issue 6 (2018), pp. 137-153

"This paper is based on a review of how previous studies have defined and operationalized the term “fake news.” An examination of 34 academic articles that used the term “fake news” between 2003 and 2017 resulted in a typology of types of fake news: news satire, news parody, fabrication, man ... more

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Handbook of Conspiracy Theory and Contemporary Religion

Asbjørn Dyrendal, David G. Robertson, Egil Asprem (eds.)

Leiden; Boston: Brill (2018), xiii, 556 pp.

"Conspiracy theories are a ubiquitous feature of our times. The Handbook of Conspiracy Theories and Contemporary Religion is the first reference work to offer a comprehensive, transnational overview of this phenomenon along with in-depth discussions of how conspiracy theories relate to religion(s). ... more

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The Psychology of Conspiracy Theories

Jan-Willem van Prooijen

London; New York: Routledge (2018), ix, 108 pp.

"Who believes in conspiracy theories, and why are some people more susceptible to them than others? What are the consequences of such beliefs? Has a conspiracy theory ever turned out to be true? The Psychology of Conspiracy Theories debunks the myth that conspiracy theories are a modern phenomenon, ... more

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Handbook of conspiracy theory and contemporary religion

Asbjørn Dyrendal, David G. Robertson, Egil Asprem (eds.)

Leiden; Boston: Brill (2018), xiii, 556 pp.

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The fake news game: Actively inoculating against the risk of misinformation

Jon Roozenbeek, Sander van der Linden

Journal of Risk Research, volume 22, issue 5 (2018), pp. 570-580

"The rapid spread of online misinformation poses an increasing risk to societies worldwide. To help counter this, we developed a ‘fake news game’ in which participants are actively tasked with creating a news article about a strongly politicized issue (the European refugee crisis) using misleadi ... more

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Désinformation 2.0: Comment défendre la démocratie?

Boris Barraud

Paris: L'Harmattan (2018), 253 pp.

"Les nouvelles technologies permettent aux diverses formes de manipulation de l’information de toucher de vastes publics. Chaque citoyen-internaute devient un acteur des manoeuvres de désinformation, en particulier en les relayant sur les réseaux sociaux. Internet constitue ainsi une révolution ... more

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Architects of Networked Disinformation: Behind the Scenes of Troll Accounts and Fake News Production in the Philippines
Top Insights

Jonathan Corpus Ong, Jason Vincent A. Cabañes

Newton Tech4Dev Network; University of Leeds; British Council (2018), 74 pp.

"The study explains how strategists set campaign objectives based on input from their political clients, then delegate political marketing responsibility to a team of digital influencers and fake account operators. These operators infiltrate online communities, artificially trend hashtags to hijack ... more

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A Multi-Dimensional Approach to Disinformation: Report of the Independent High Level Group on Fake News and Online Disinformation
Top Insights

Luxembourg: European Union (2018), 39 pp.

"In this report, we favour the word “disinformation” over “fake news.” Disinformation, as used in the Report, includes all forms of false, inaccurate, or misleading information designed, presented and promoted to intentionally cause public harm or for profit. Our main message is that the bes ... more

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#DigitalDeceit: The Technologies Behind Precision Propaganda on the Internet

Dipayan Ghosh, Ben Scott

New America (2018), 37 pp.

"This analysis of digital advertising technology and its relevance to disinformation online is designed to broaden the focus in the current public debate beyond Russian operatives buying ads on social media. The problem is much bigger than that and the issues of concern are more diverse. Our analysi ... more

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Dangerous Disinformation

D+C: Development and Cooperation, issue May (2018), pp. 23-38

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The Oxygen of Amplification: Better Practices for Reporting on Extremists, Antagonists, and Manipulators Online

Whitney Phillips

Data & Society Research Institute (2018), 128 pp.

"Part One, 'In Their Own Words: Trolling, Meme Culture, and Journalists’ Reflections on the 2016 US Presidential Election,' provides a historical overview of the relationship between the news media and far-right manipulators during the 2016 US presidential election. Part Two, 'At a Certain Point Y ... more

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Russian Social Media Influence: Understanding Russian Propaganda in Eastern Europe

Todd C. Helmus, Elizabeth Bodine-Baron, Andrew Radin, Mdeline Magnuson, Joshua Mendelsohn, William Marcellino, Andriy Bega, Zev Winkelman

Santa Monica, Calif.: RAND Corporation (2018), xvii, 130 pp.

"A RAND Corporation study examined Russian-language content on social media and the broader propaganda threat posed to the region of former Soviet states that include Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Ukraine, and, to a lesser extent, Moldova and Belarus. In addition to employing a state-funded multilingu ... more

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A Field Guide to “Fake News” and Other Information Disorders
Key Guidance

Liliana Bounegru, Jonathan Gray, Tommaso Venturini, Michele Mauri (comps.)

Amsterdam: Public Data Lab (2018), 212 pp.

"The guide explores the notion that fake news is not just another type of content that circulates online, but that it is precisely the character of this online circulation and reception that makes something into fake news. In this sense fake news may be considered not just in terms of the form or co ... more

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Measuring the Reach of 'Fake News' and Online Disinformation in Europe

Richard Fletcher, Alessio Cornia, Lucas Graves, Rasmus Kleis Nielsen

Oxford: Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism (2018), 10 pp.

"The purpose of this RISJ factsheet is to provide toplevel usage statistics for the most popular sites that independent fact-checkers and other observers have identified as publishers of false news and online disinformation in two European countries: France and Italy. We focus specifically on sites ... that independent fact-checkers have shown to publish demonstrably false news and information, whether for profit or for ideological/political purposes. This constitutes a more clearly defined subset of a wider range of issues sometimes discussed using the broad, vague, and politicized term “fake news”. We examine France and Italy as two particularly important cases, as both are widely seen as facing serious issues with forprofit and ideologically/politically motivated online disinformation. Based on a starting sample of around 300 websites in each country that independent fact-checkers have identified as publishers of false news (which, on this basis, we refer to as “false news sites”), we focus on measuring these sites’ reach, attention, and number of interactions on Facebook. We provide context by comparing these figures with equivalent data for a small selection of the most widely-used French and Italian news brands. We find that: • None of the false news websites we considered had an average monthly reach of over 3.5% in 2017, with most reaching less than 1% of the online population in both France and Italy. By comparison, the most popular news websites in France (Le Figaro) and Italy (La Repubblica) had an average monthly reach of 22.3% and 50.9%, respectively; • The total time spent with false news websites each month is lower than the time spent with news websites. The most popular false news websites in France were viewed for around 10 million minutes per month, and for 7.5 million minutes in Italy. People spent an average of 178 million minutes per month with Le Monde, and 443 million minutes with La Repubblica—more than the combined time spent with all 20 false news sites in each sample; • Despite clear differences in terms of website access, the level of Facebook interaction (defined as the total number of comments, shares, and reactions) generated by a small number of false news outlets matched or exceeded that produced by the most popular news brands. In France, one false news outlet generated an average of over 11 million interactions per month—five times greater than more established news brands. However, in most cases, in both France and Italy, false news outlets do not generate as many interactions as established news brands." (Pages 1-2) more

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State of the Newsroom 2017: Fakers and Makers

Alan Finlay (ed.)

Johannesburg: Wits Journalism University of the Witwatersrand (2018), iv, 60 pp.

"The fourth annual report looks at jobs in the newsroom, fake news and fact-checking journalism, and highlights the problem of threats to media freedom in South Africa. In a survey conducted across a range of newsrooms both big and small, it found that young, black women journalists are more likely ... more

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Challenging Truth and Trust: A Global Inventory of Organized Social Media Manipulation
Top Insights

Samantha Bradshaw, Philip N. Howard

Oxford: Oxford Internet Institute University of Oxford (2018), 25 pp.

"Our key findings are: 1. We have found evidence of formally organized social media manipulation campaigns in 48 countries, up from 28 countries last year. In each country there is at least one political party or government agency using social media to manipulate public opinion domestically; 2. Much ... more

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Online Supplement to Working Paper 2018.1. Challenging Truth and Trust: A Global Inventory of Organized Social Media Manipulation

Samantha Bradshaw, Philip N. Howard

Oxford: Oxford Internet Institute University of Oxford; Computational Propaganda Research Project (2018), 81 pp.

"These are the background case notes complied for MEMO 2018.1: Challenging Truth and Trust: A Global Inventory of Organized Social Media Manipulation. For details on the methods behind this content analysis please see the methodology section of the report. This document contains data from over 500 s ... more

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Journalism, ‘Fake News’ & Disinformation: Handbook for Journalism Education and Training
Key Guidance

Cherilyn Ireton, Julie Posetti (eds.)

Paris: UNESCO (2018), 128 pp.

"This handbook seeks to provide an internationally-relevant model curriculum, open to adoption or adaptation, which responds to the emerging global problem of disinformation that confronts societies in general, and journalism in particular. Serving as a model curriculum, the publication is designed ... more

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Disinformation Toolkit

Sarah Oh, Travis L. Adkins

Washington, DC: InterAction (2018), 27 pp.

"As the largest alliance of U.S.-based nonprofits that work around the world, we believe it is critical to raise awareness about the evolving threat of online disinformation. Whether our members are providing emergency assistance to people fleeing conflicts, promoting democratic governance in places ... more

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Understanding Russian Communication Strategy: Case Studies of Serbia and Estonia

Stefan Meister (ed.)

Stuttgart: Institut für Auslandsbeziehungen (ifa) (2018), 60 pp.

"As a part of Russian soft (or coercive) power disinformation and propaganda have become key elements in an updated Russian security policy since 2012/13. For Russian leadership disinformation and propaganda have become key instruments to impact domestic debates in EU member states and in the neighb ... more

Architects of Networked Disinformation: Behind the Scenes of Troll Accounts and Fake News Production in the Philippines Top Insights

A Multi-Dimensional Approach to Disinformation: Report of the Independent High Level Group on Fake News and Online Disinformation Top Insights

A Field Guide to “Fake News” and Other Information Disorders Key Guidance

Challenging Truth and Trust: A Global Inventory of Organized Social Media Manipulation Top Insights

Journalism, ‘Fake News’ & Disinformation: Handbook for Journalism Education and Training Key Guidance

Architects of Networked Disinformation: Behind the Scenes of Troll Accounts and Fake News Production in the Philippines
Top Insights

A Multi-Dimensional Approach to Disinformation: Report of the Independent High Level Group on Fake News and Online Disinformation
Top Insights

A Field Guide to “Fake News” and Other Information Disorders
Key Guidance

Challenging Truth and Trust: A Global Inventory of Organized Social Media Manipulation
Top Insights

Journalism, ‘Fake News’ & Disinformation: Handbook for Journalism Education and Training
Key Guidance