"The Middle East media landscape provides Russian state with unique opportunities. A region with strong state-controlled media, weak independent outlets, and a burgeoning reliance on social media—along with a historical suspicion of Western news sources—has created useful openings that the Kreml ... in exploits to advance its agenda. Russia presents its own media as a better alternative to other Arabic-language networks, and it has a more receptive audience in the region than in the West. Today, the RT Arabic and Sputnik Arabic websites are the two most visible outlets of Moscow’s propaganda influence. Analysis of these sites shows both continuity with the Kremlin’s traditional propaganda goals and adaptation of tried-and-true methods to advance them. These outlets cultivate an image of Moscow as a great power in the Middle East and focus heavily on social media. Unsurprisingly, they also advance a divisive, conspiratorial, anti-Western ideology. Deeper investigation, however, reveals a more nuanced approach aimed at building credibility with Arab audiences through coverage of human interest and domestic issues—especially in Egypt—and through efforts to develop relationships with other local and regional media. As this Kremlin-funded information operation gains local traction and viewers, it increasingly poses a challenge to U.S. interests in the Middle East." (Page 2) more

"Lists all reported radio broadcasting and TV frequency assignments with the exception of those in the U.S. which broadcast on domestic channels. Part I, "Amplitude Modulation Broadcasting Station ... s According to Country and City"; Part II, "Amplitude Modulation Broadcasting Stations According to Frequency"; Part III, "Frequency Modulation Broadcasting Stations," in two sections - one alphabetical by country and city and the other by frequency; Part IV, "Television Stations," also in two sections and with the same information as in the preceding parts plus additional data to distinguish audio, video, polarization, and other technical factors that apply. Appendixes in Parts I and II give call-sign allocations and world time chart; an appendix in Part IV gives characteristics of VHF and UHF TV systems. This document has not been updated." (Eleanor Blum, Frances G. Wilhoit: Mass media bibliography. 3rd ed. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1990 Nr. 823) more