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Brought to You by Foreigners, Warlords, and Local Activists: TV and the Afghan Culture Wars

Wazhmah Osman

In: Modern Afghanistan: The Impact of 40 Years of War

M. Nazif Shahrani (ed.)

Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press (2018), pp. 149-176

"Without a doubt, the combined power of the public arena and broadcast media is a very efective social tool for collective action in Afghanistan. Yet there are serious limits to both the media’s self-advocacy and the public’s strong and unwavering support. Te media-related crimes and murders men ... tioned in this chapter are a few of the many. Yet no arrests are made and no one is prosecuted in most of these cases. Zoorawarah can continue to censor media makers with impunity and without fears of retribution. Broadcasting the incidents of violence and censorship against media personnel and the media writ large, as well as the subsequent protests and production of investigative and expository programs is indeed generative in creating dialogue and raising awareness about media rights and the important role of a free media in a society, but it is clearly not enough. Tus far, we have seen examples of two types of potential cultural imperialism. By aggressively promoting and offering their own media products, programs, and formats, at little or no cost, the argument can be made that foreign countries are impeding the development of Afghanistan’s own media industry, artistry, and media crafts. Additionally, we have seen examples of censorship, both from endogenous and exogenous forces, ranging from pressuring the government to ban programming or directly pressuring producers to do so. In extreme cases, we have seen an egregious third form of censorship becoming prevalent in Afghanistan. High-level media personnel and wealthy media owners who are ofen prominent public fgures, such as politicians, warlords, drug lords, religious leaders, and businessmen, hire body guards and live behind gated fortress mansions, while low-level television personalities and reporters are subjected to threats, physical attacks, and death for providing people with programming they want to watch and which gives them a platform to raise their voices. Hence, it is the mid- and low-level media professionals, not the owners of the television stations they work for nor the foreign governments that are the patrons of the stations, who bear the ultimate burden of media freedom and reform in Afghanistan. Caught between warring ideologies that range from Islamist to commercial to “developmentalist,” as brave as these Afghan media personalities and journalists are, and despite their high media a profile, their low socioeconomic status leaves them vulnerable to abuse and possible death." (Conclusion, page 168-169) more

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No Country for Human Rights Activists: Assaults on Bloggers and Democracy Campaigners in Vietnam

Human Rights Watch (2017), 65 pp.

"The Vietnamese government has long arrested and prosecuted domestic human rights activists, using rights-violating laws and Communist Party-controlled courts and police. But the recent explosion of internet-driven activism in the country has coincided with the appearance of another frightening inst ... more

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All the news that's worth the risk: Improving protection for freelance journalists in war zones

Lindsay R. Grossman

Boston College International & Comparative Law Review, volume 40, issue 1 (2017), pp. 141-166

"Although war journalism has existed for centuries, changes in the nature of armed conflict and its coverage have put the danger for modern journalists at an all time high. The traditional war correspondent has been replaced in recent years by the independent freelance journalist. While the former r ... more

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5th Conference on Media Development in Myanmar: Inclusive Independent Media in a New Democracy, 7–8 November 2016

Susan Cunningham

Yangoon: UNESCO (2017), 32 pp.

"Under the heading “Inclusive, independent media in a new democracy”, the 5th annual Myanmar Media Development Conference took place 7 – 8 November 2016 in Yangon, the first to be held under the new democratically elected government. The conference featured government representatives, media ow ... more

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Expanding Influences Research to Insecure Democracies: How Violence, Public Insecurity, Economic Inequality and Uneven Democratic Performance Shape Journalists’ Perceived Work Environments

Sallie Hughes et al.

Journalism Studies, volume 18, issue 5 (2017), pp. 645-665

"Democracies with sharp violence and public insecurity have proliferated in recent decades, with many also featuring extreme economic inequality. These conditions have not been explicitly considered in comparative research on journalists’ work environments, an omission that may obscure important r ... more

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Google Scholar (8)

WorldCat (8)

Reporting from the Danger Zone: Frontline Journalists, Their Jobs, and an Increasingly Perilous Future

Maria Armoudian

London; New York: Routledge (2017), 165 pp.

"Journalism is a dangerous business when one’s "beat" is a war zone. Armoudian reveals the complications facing frontline journalists who cover warzones, hot spots and other hazardous situations. It compares yesterday’s conflict journalism, which was fraught with its own dangers, with today’s ... more

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The Assault on Journalism. Building Knowledge to Protect Freedom of Expression
Top Insights

Ulla Carlsson, Reeta Pöyhtäri (eds.)

Göteborg: Nordicom (2017), 363 pp.

"To support joint efforts to protect journalism, there is a growing need for research-based knowledge. Acknowledging this need, the aim of this publication is to highlight and fuel journalist safety as a field of research, to encourage worldwide participation, as well as to inspire further dialogues ... more

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Journalism Schools Must Include Safety Courses in Curricula

Magda Abu-Fadil

In: The Assault on Journalism. Building Knowledge to Protect Freedom of Expression

Ulla Carlsson, Reeta Pöyhtäri (eds.)

Göteborg: Nordicom (2017), pp. 113-118

"Too many journalists are victims of violence and impunity, and more should be done in academia to prepare media students for the perils they are likely to face. I urge all faculty members at this conference to incorporate a course on safety for journalists in their curricula. It’s not a luxury; i ... more

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Measuring journalism safety. Methodological challenges

Sara Torsner

In: The Assault on Journalism. Building Knowledge to Protect Freedom of Expression

Ulla Carlsson, Reeta Pöyhtäri (eds.)

Göteborg: Nordicom (2017), pp. 129-140

"The effectiveness of any measures taken to address the problems of journalism safety ultimately depends on our ability to understand the complex nature and dynamics of risk to journalists. Mapping the scale of the problem through the systematic collection of data on threats over time is therefore a ... more

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A Changing Asian Media: Assessing Challenges and Opportunities for Evolving Media in South and Southeast Asia

International Media Support (IMS); Fojo Media Institute (2017), 51 pp.

"Countries in the regions despite extreme diversity share many of the same challenges with their media environments – particularly when it comes to quality content production and distribution, journalist safety and impunity, the enabling legal environment, gender and social inequality as well as m ... more

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Embedded Journalism and Its Implications in the Field

Leire Iturregui Mardaras, María José Cantalapiedra González, Leire Moure Peñín

In: The Assault on Journalism. Building Knowledge to Protect Freedom of Expression

Ulla Carlsson, Reeta Pöyhtäri (eds.)

Göteborg: Nordicom (2017), pp. 255-266

"The Iraq War was a landmark in war reporting. The design and implementation of the embedded system enabled nearly 700 journalists to live and work alongside soldiers of the United States and British armies. Nearly 30 countries took part in the system, including Spain, one of the main supporters of ... more

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How Unsafe Contexts and Overlapping Risks Influence Journalism Practice: Evidence from a survey of Mexican journalists

Sallie Hughes, Mireya Marquez-Ramirez

In: The Assault on Journalism. Building Knowledge to Protect Freedom of Expression

Ulla Carlsson, Reeta Pöyhtäri (eds.)

Göteborg: Nordicom (2017), pp. 303-318

"Journalists in many countries work in contexts of continuous risk, but few empirical studies identify how these conditions influence practice or measure the relative influence of different kinds of risk. This study asks a national sample of Mexican journalists to report use of several measures to a ... more

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UNESCO’s Research Agenda on the Safety of Journalists: Call for new academic research initiatives

Reeta Pöyhtäri

In: The Assault on Journalism. Building Knowledge to Protect Freedom of Expression

Ulla Carlsson, Reeta Pöyhtäri (eds.)

Göteborg: Nordicom (2017), pp. 103-108

"Within this global context, UNESCO is the UN agency with the mandate to advance “the mutual knowledge and understanding of peoples, through all means of mass communication” and to promote “the free flow of ideas by word and image”. UNESCO has defined press freedom as designating the conditi ... more

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What if ...? Safety Handbook for Women Journalists: Practical Advice Based on Personal Experience

Abeer Saady

International Association of Women in Radio and Television (IAWRT) (2017), 89 pp.

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An Attack on One is an Attack on All: Successful Initiatives to Protect Journalists and Combat Impunity
Inspiring Practice

Larry Kilman

Paris: UNESCO (2017), 98 pp.

"This report takes a look at a selection of the innovative, successful ways media companies, individual journalists and civil society organizations are coming together to improve journalist safety. These are cases of people taking the initiative, of acting on behalf of the profession, of not sitting ... more

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World Trends in Freedom of Expression and Media Development: Global Report 2017/2018
Top Insights

Nicole Stremlau, Iginio Gagliardone, Monroe Price et al.

Paris: UNESCO (2017), 200 pp.

"We have noted profound transformations in the field of media freedom, which is making progress in certain areas, but losing ground in others. Media freedom is limited in particular by many legal restrictions on the right to impart information and ideas, although progress is being made with regard t ... more

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Prevent – Protect – Prosecute: Acting on UN Human Rights Council Resolution 33/2

London: Article 19 (2017), 38 pp.

"In September 2016, the UN Human Rights Council (HRC) broke new ground with the unanimous adoption of HRC Resolution 33/2 on the safety of journalists. The HRC is the world’s highest human rights body and its resolutions are a strong collective commitment from States to act on priority human right ... more

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Safe+Secure Handbook
Key Guidance

DOC Funders Network (2017), 59 pp.

"Getting to the heart of stories by asking the really tough questions and going places where no one wants to go. That’s documentary at its best. This Safe+Secure Handbook has been designed to help filmmakers get there—and back—and get their stories into the public domain as safely as possible. ... more

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Field Guide: Media Professionals and Armed Conflict. Protection and Responsibilities Under International Humanitarian Law
Key Guidance

Nicole Urban

British Red Cross; British Institute of International and Comparative Law (2017), 57 pp.

"This Field Guide summarises the legal protection and responsibilities of media professionals operating in armed conflicts. It focuses on international humanitarian law (IHL) – also known as the ‘law of armed conflict’ – and sets out some aspects of international and UK criminal law. It is i ... more

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Une personne attaquée, tous concernés: Initiatives exemplaires de protection des journalistes et de lutte contre l'impunité
Inspiring Practice

Larry Kilman

Paris: UNESCO (2017), 98 pp.

"Ce rapport met en lumière une sélection de voies et moyens novateurs et efficaces grâce auxquels des entreprises de presse, des journalistes et des organisations de la société civile se regroupent pour améliorer la sécurité des journalistes. Ce sont des cas de gens qui prennent des initiati ... more

The Assault on Journalism. Building Knowledge to Protect Freedom of Expression Top Insights

An Attack on One is an Attack on All: Successful Initiatives to Protect Journalists and Combat Impunity Inspiring Practice

World Trends in Freedom of Expression and Media Development: Global Report 2017/2018 Top Insights

Safe+Secure Handbook Key Guidance

Field Guide: Media Professionals and Armed Conflict. Protection and Responsibilities Under International Humanitarian Law Key Guidance

Une personne attaquée, tous concernés: Initiatives exemplaires de protection des journalistes et de lutte contre l'impunité Inspiring Practice

The Assault on Journalism. Building Knowledge to Protect Freedom of Expression
Top Insights

An Attack on One is an Attack on All: Successful Initiatives to Protect Journalists and Combat Impunity
Inspiring Practice

World Trends in Freedom of Expression and Media Development: Global Report 2017/2018
Top Insights

Safe+Secure Handbook
Key Guidance

Field Guide: Media Professionals and Armed Conflict. Protection and Responsibilities Under International Humanitarian Law
Key Guidance

Une personne attaquée, tous concernés: Initiatives exemplaires de protection des journalistes et de lutte contre l'impunité
Inspiring Practice