"The dynamism of Russia’s information warfare is best illustrated by the fact that over the last decade it underwent at least two strategic shifts—after the Russian-Georgian war in 2008 and in 2014 when Russia went from being risk-averse and stealthy to increasingly aggressive and risk-taking. E ... ffective countermeasures, especially those applied in Central and Eastern Europe, must reflect this reality by being highly adaptable and agile—a factor that local anti-information-warfare capacities often lack." (Executive summary) more

"This paper presents an overview of the main challenges to the integration of media development in electoral assistance programming. Despite widespread acknowledgement that the media is critical to electoral processes, and that it has the potential to impact voter behaviour, electoral assistance pro ... viders do not consistently prioritize its integration into their work. International IDEA identifies several obstacles to the integration of media support into international electoral assistance programmes, which can be grouped into three main categories: a lack of clarity regarding the definition and role of the media in the electoral process, the politically sensitive nature of the media and the failure of many organizations to plan projects well in advance of election day." (Cover) more