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Key Guidance
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Diversity & Pluralism in Media / Communication
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71
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62
Press Freedom & Communication Rights Violations
60
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Democracy / Democratization and Media
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Press
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Access to Public Information, Freedom of Information, Right to Information
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Media Ownership
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Ethics in Media & Communication
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Political Transition and Media
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Communication Rights
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Television
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Trust in the Media, Credibility of Media
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Working Conditions of Journalists & Media Personnel
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Media Use, Media Consumption
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Media Viability & Financial Sustainability
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Radio
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Newspapers
18
Media Assistance
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Democracy
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Watchdog Role of the Media
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News Consumption & Information Sources of Media Users
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Authoritarian Regimes: Media Systems & Landscapes
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News Agencies
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Media, Mass Media
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Communication & Media Indicators
14
Journalism Concepts & Cultures
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COVID-19 Pandemic: Effects on Journalism, Media & Communication
13
Development and Media
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History of Media & Communication
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Journalists
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Press Landscapes
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Female Journalists & Media Workers
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Human Rights
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Media Capture, Vested Political & Other Interests in the Media
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Access to Media & Information
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Conflict Areas: Media Systems, Media Landscapes, Role of Media
10
Journalism Ethics
10
Cybersecurity, Digital Safety, Privacy, Right to Privacy
9
Internet
9
Digital Journalism, Online Journalism
9
Media Concentration
9
Media Law & Regulation: International Standards & Practices
9
Journalists Dealing with Risks & Threats, Resilience & Wellbeing of Media Workers
9
Journalists: Professional Identity & Values
9
Election Reporting
9
Politics
9
Access to Information Laws, Right to Information Regulation
8
Audiences & Users
8
Digital & Social Media Use, Internet Use
8
Editorial Independence
8
Freedom of Expression Online, Internet Freedom
8
Killings of Journalists & Media Personnel
8
Internet / Social Media Law & Regulation
8
Disinformation, Misinformation, Fake News
8
Defamation Law & Regulation
8
Codes of Journalistic Ethics
8
Self-Regulation of Media
8
History of the Press
8
Satellite Television
8
Human Rights Violations
8
Media Outlets, Media Associations
8
Advertising
7
Authoritarian Regimes, Dictatorships
7
War Reporting
7
Social Media
7
Political Economy of Media
7
History of Media: 20th Century
7
Investigative Journalism
7
Governance & Accountability: Role of Media / Communication
7
Islam and Communication
7
Civil Society
7
Authoritarian Regimes: Government Communication Strategies
6
Digital Media Censorship, Control & Filtering, Internet & Social Media Censorship
6
Freedom of Expression Principles
6
Harassment & Intimidation of Journalists
6
State Influence on the Media
6
Conflicts and Media
6
Media Assistance in Conflict Regions & Fragile Countries
6
Development Communication, Communication for Development (C4D)
6
Foreign Correspondents
6
Media Development Indicators
6
Radio Landscapes
6
Law Enforcement, Litigations, Legal Practice, Case Law, Jurisdiction
6
Public Spheres
6
Taliban
6
Cinema
5
Media Assistance: Freedom of Expression & Safety of Journalists
5
Conflict Reporting, Armed Conflict Reporting
5
Crime & Violence Reporting
5
History of Media: 19th Century
5
International Communication
5
Corruption Reporting & Role of Media in Curbing Corruption
5
Media & Information Literacy
5
Propaganda
5
Religion and Communication
5
Non-Western Communication Approaches
5
Digital Activism, Cyber Advocacy
4
Independent & Oppositional Media in Authoritarian Regimes
4
Community Media
4
Community Radios
4
Conflict Prevention, Mediation & Reconciliation: Role of Media
4
Extremist & Terrorist Communication Strategies and Media
4
Hate Speech, Hate Speech in Social Media
4
Popular Cultures
4
Economy
4
Local Journalism
4
Media Assistance: Regional Approaches & Experiences
4
Media System Analyses & Typologies
4
Post-Socialist Media Systems & Landscapes
4
Television Landscapes
4
Television Law & Regulation
4
Public Media, State Media
4
Media Effects
4
Islamic Cultures: Role of Media
4
Research in Media & Communication
4
Violence
4
Technologies, Information & Communication Technologies
4
Civic Engagement, Citizen Participation, Civil Society & Media
3
Catholic Church and Communication
3
Christian Communication
3
Exile Journalism, Exile Media
3
Indirect Censorship, Soft Censorship
3
Surveillance, Surveillance Technologies, Spyware
3
Development Journalism & Media Representation of Development Issues
3
Convergence of Media
3
Internet Shutdowns
3
Digital Economies, Digital Societies
3
Information Society
3
Racism in Communication & Media
3
Media Monopolies & Oligopolies
3
Media Industries
3
Bribery & Corruption in Journalism
3
Press Councils
3
Sensationalist Journalism, Yellow Press
3
Gender and Media, Gender and Communication
3
Gender & Religious Communication
3
Gender Representation & Stereotypes in the Media
3
History of Journalism
3
History of Media: Colonial Period
3
Globalisation of Media
3
World Information and Communication Order
3
Transnational Broadcasting, International Broadcasting
3
European Union (EU)
3
UNESCO
3
Reporters Sans Frontièrs
3
Business & Economics Journalism
3
Political Reporting
3
Transition Countries: Media Systems & Media Landscapes
3
Media Law & Regulation: Constitutional Law
3
Press Law & Regulation
3
Radio Law & Regulation
3
Regulatory Bodies
3
Populism
3
Democratization
3
Magazines
3
Muslim Media
3
Society
3
Society & Media, Media Sociology
3
Informatics
3
Technological Change, Technological Developments, Technological Progress
3
SMS
3
Telecommunication Law, Regulation & Policies
3
Editorial Independence: Influence of Advertisers
2
Government Advertising, State Advertising
2
Area & Regional Studies
2
Radio Consumption, Radio Use, Radio Audiences
2
Catholic Media Organizations
2
Child Protection, Protection of Minors
2
Chilling Effects (Discouragement of Legitimate Exercise of Legal Rights)
2
Copyright Law
2
Legal Threats to Media Freedom
2
OSCE Representative of Freedom of the Media
2
Government Communication Strategies
2
Government / State Advertising: Allocation Policies & Regulation
2
Public Diplomacy, Cultural Diplomacy
2
Alternative Press
2
Citizen Journalism, Community Journalism
2
Traditional Communication
2
Religion and Justice / Peace / Reconciliation
2
Terrorism
2
Civil Wars
2
Russia-Ukraine War <2014-
2
Extremism & Terrorism Reporting
2
Information Warfare, Psychological Warfare
2
Culture and Communication, Culture and Media
2
Collective Memory: Violent Conflicts & Wars
2
Development Assistance
2
Media Assistance Projects & Programs: Case Studies
2
Poverty Reduction: Role of Media
2
Digital Communication, Digital Media
2
Digital Media Landscapes
2
Multimedia Products & Production
2
Blogging, Blogs
2
Democratization & Digital Media / Social Media
2
Digitalization, Digital Transformation
2
Disaster & Humanitarian Crisis Reporting
2
Disinformation & Misinformation Law & Regulation
2
Media Commercialisation
2
Media Markets
2
Training
2
Soap Operas & Telenovelas
2
Objectivity & Veracity of Reporting
2
Media Assistance: Evaluation, Monitoring, Impact Assessment
2
Gender-Based Harassment, Intimidation & Violence
2
Women (General)
2
Women's Magazines, Women's Press
2
COVID-19 Communication
2
Colonial Legacies
2
Developing Countries Reporting & Representation in Foreign / International Media
2
Foreign News, International News
2
Russia: Foreign Information Operations, International Broadcasting, Public Diplomacy
2
Foreign Policies
2
Council of Europe
2
Awards & Prizes: Journalism Awards
2
Exiled Journalists
2
Safety of Journalists: Law & Public Policies
2
Legal Status of Journalists
2
News
2
Court Reporting & Media Representation of Judicial System
2
Islam: Media Representation & Reporting
2
Local Communication & Media
2
Media Assistance: Country Strategies & Experiences
2
Information Policies
2
Civil Rights
2
Human Rights Protection
2
Internet Governance, Internet Policies
2
Judiciary & Penal System
2
Licensing of Media
2
National Security Legislation
2
Nationalisation of Media
2
Religious Freedom
2
Right to Reply, Right of Recitification
2
Financing Media, Financial Media Management
2
Refugees / Displaced People
2
Civic Engagement, Citizen & Community Participation
2
Government Policies
2
Internal Politics
2
Military
2
Political Transition
2
Public Interest
2
Agenda Setting
2
National Identity & Media, Nationalism & Communication
2
Political Communication
2
Kompas (Newspaper, Indonesia)
2
Manipulation
2
Religion and Politics
2
Media Sustainability Index (MSI)
2
Statistical Data: Collection, Analysis & Interpretation
2
Social Conflicts, Social Problems
2
Corruption & Combating Corruption
2
Social Change
2
Telecommunications
2
Telecommunication Infrastructure
2
Al-Jazeera
2
Access to Internet & Digital Communications
1
Digital Divide, Digital Inequalities
1
Flow of Information
1
Advertising Markets & Industries
1
Transnational Advertising, International Advertising
1
Gender Advocacy & Empowerment, Gender Mainstreaming
1
Social Movements: Communication Strategies & Practices
1
Media Use: Migrants & Diasporas
1
Media Use: Women, Female Media Audiences
1
Print Media Use, Press Readers
1
Media Law & Regulation: Authoritarian Regimes
1
Book Publishing
1
Election Campaigns
1
Catholic Communication Ethics, Catholic Media Ethics
1
Catholic Media
1
Catholic Press
1
Catholic Radios
1
Children and Media
1
Orthodox Churches
1
WACC
1
Film Industries
1
Films
1
Data Protection: Law & Regulation
1
Editorial Independence: Influence of Media Owners
1
Freedom of Expression Lobbying & Communication Rights Campaigning
1
Intellectual Property
1
Open Licensing, Creative Commons, Public Domain
1
Censorship Circumvention Tools & Strategies
1
Internet Censorship Circumvention Tools & Strategies
1
Impunity for Crimes Against Journalists & Media Personnel
1
History of Press Freedom & Censorship
1
Right to be Forgotten
1
Strategic Lawsuits Against Public Participation (SLAPP)
1
Communication Strategies
1
Public Relations
1
Alternative Communication & Media
1
Community Radio Regulation & Licensing
1
Community Television
1
Participatory Communication
1
Genocides
1
International Conflicts
1
Conflict-Sensitive Digital Technology Use & Social Media in Prevention & Transformation
1
Conflict-Sensitive / Peace Communication
1
Dealing With the Past
1
Foreign Conflict Reporting, International War Reporting
1
Hate Speech Legislation & Regulation
1
Human Rights Protection & Violations: Media Representation & Reporting
1
Media Law & Regulation in Conflict Areas
1
Violence in the Media
1
Violence in the Media: Reception & Effects
1
Wars & Political Violence in Arts & Literature
1
Discourse & Discourse Analysis
1
Media Criticism
1
Media Monitoring, Media Observatories
1
Anthropology of Media & Communication
1
Cultural Domination, Media Imperialism, Cultural & Media Dependency
1
Cultural Change
1
Cultural Identity
1
Cultural Studies
1
Literature
1
Authors, Writers
1
Modernization Development Approaches, Developmentalism
1
National Character
1
National Integration
1
Donor Coordination, Funder Collaboration, Aid Harmonsation
1
World Bank
1
Financing Nonprofit Organizations
1
Information For All Programme (IFAP/UNESCO)
1
Sustainable Development Goals (SDG)
1
Millenium Development Goals (MDG)
1
Good Governance
1
North South Relations
1
Entertainment Education, Edutainment
1
Influence of Media on Development Aid
1
Rural Communication for Development
1
Rural Radio Programmes, Rural Radios, Rural Development & Radio
1
Social Change & Media / Communication
1
Big Digital Platforms, Big Tech Companies
1
Digital Ethics, AI Ethics, Social Media Ethics, Data & Information Ethics
1
Digital Platforms & Intermediaries
1
Digital Political Communication
1
Search Engines
1
Facebook
1
Journalistic Social Media Use
1
Telegram
1
YouTube
1
Ethnic / Minority Online Communities & Websites
1
Artificial Intelligence
1
AI Reporting
1
ICT Industries & Markets
1
Information Highway
1
Ethnic Media, Minority Media
1
Ethnic Television, Minority Television
1
LGBT & Communication / Media
1
Minorities & Disadvantaged Groups: Media Policies & Regulations
1
Minorities & Disadvantaged Groups: Reporting & Media Representation
1
Racism
1
Romani People
1
Disaster & Humanitarian Crisis Information Management
1
Countering Hate Speech, Disinformation & Propaganda
1
Economics of Media
1
Commercial Broadcasting
1
Distribution of Media
1
Game Industries, Game Production
1
Printing Industries
1
Informal Sector, Informal Economy
1
Television Markets
1
Foreign Media Investments, Foreign Media Ownership
1
Private / Commercial Media Ownership
1
Commodities, Raw Materials, Extractive Industries, Mining
1
Poverty & Poverty Reduction
1
Adult Education
1
Education (General)
1
Educational Radios
1
Radio Schools
1
Entertainment and Media / Communication
1
Humour, Parody, Satire
1
Accountability & Transparency of the Media
1
Morals
1
Sexuality: Media Representation, Sexually Explicit Media Content, Pornography
1
Responsibility
1
Evaluation Methods, Evaluation Tools
1
Health Communication
1
Health Journalism
1
HIV / AIDS Communication
1
Colonial Period
1
Decolonisation & Independence (General)
1
History (General)
1
History of Radio
1
History of Television
1
Indigenous Communication
1
Ethnicity in Communication
1
Indigenous Media, Indigenous Language Media Productions
1
Cross-Cultural Analysis
1
Africa: Foreign Media Representation & Image Abroad
1
China: Transnational Information Operations, International Broadcasting, Public Diplomacy
1
Foreign Countries: Reporting & Media Representation
1
Foreign Press, Foreign Language Press
1
Globalisation: Impact on (Local) Media & Communication
1
International Media Associations / Organizations
1
International Press Institute (IPI)
1
International Media & Communication Policies
1
Media in the Global South / Developing Countries
1
International Relations
1
Dependence
1
Diplomacy
1
International Organizations
1
African Union (AU)
1
OECD
1
Windhoek Declaration on Promoting Independent and Pluralistic Media (UNESCO, 1991)
1
International Federation of Journalists (IFJ)
1
Civic Journalism, Public Journalism
1
Journalism Education Curricula
1
Media Assistance: Journalism Education & Training
1
Features
1
Journalistic Research Methods
1
Television News
1
Death & Grief: Reporting & Media Representation
1
Drug Trafficking Reporting & Media Representation
1
Protests, Protest Movements, Protest Reporting & Media Representation
1
Risk Communication
1
Television Journalism
1
Language
1
French Language
1
Language and Media
1
Local Radios, Local Radio Programmes
1
China: Media Assistance
1
European Union: Media Assistance
1
Germany: Media Assistance Actors, Practices, Priorities
1
Media Assistance: Donor Organizations
1
Media Assistance: Implementing Organizations
1
Media Assistance: Law & Regulation, Media Policy Consultancies
1
Media Assistance: Lessons Learned
1
Media Assistance: Mapping of Programs & Donors
1
Communication
1
Communication Networks
1
Communication Processes
1
Communication Systems
1
Informal Communication Channels, Networks & Structures
1
Dissemination of Information
1
Presentation of Information
1
Interpersonal Communication, Interpersonal Relations
1
Trust Building: Role of Communication & Media
1
Media Democratization
1
Public Funding & Support Policies for Media
1
Media Literacy: Youth
1
Accreditation of Journalists
1
Confidential Sources, Whistleblowing, Protection of Journalists' Sources
1
Forced Labour & Human Trafficking
1
Law, Legislation, Judiciary (General)
1
Law & Regulation: Protection of Confidential Sources & Whistleblowers
1
Financing Public Service Media
1
Media Companies, Media Corporations, Media Enterprises
1
Quality Criteria, Quality Standards
1
Diasporas
1
Music
1
People with Disabilities & Communication / Media
1
Photography
1
Accountability & Transparency
1
Elections
1
Guerillas, Insurgent Groups, Revolutionary Movements
1
Islamization
1
Political Change
1
Political Doctrines
1
Capitalism
1
Socialism
1
Political Movements
1
Political Preferences
1
Political Systems
1
Semi-Authoritarian Regimes & Defective Democracies
1
Shrinking Spaces for Civil Society & Political Actors
1
Parliaments
1
Centralization
1
Framing
1
Influence of Media on Politics
1
Opinion Leaders, Politicians, Decision Makers, Elites
1
Special-Interest Magazines
1
Local Newspapers
1
Periodicals
1
Public & State Radios
1
Public & State Television
1
Commercial Radios
1
Radio Progreso (El Progreso, Honduras)
1
University Radios
1
Gatekeeping Function of Media
1
Media Psychology, Communication Psychology
1
Media Reception
1
Ideologies
1
Socialization
1
Confucianism
1
Fundamentalisms (Religious)
1
Hinduism
1
Hinduism and Communication
1
Islamist Communications & Media
1
Judaism and Communication
1
Jewish Media
1
Analysis
1
Qualitative Analysis
1
Empirical Studies
1
Indicators & Indices
1
Freedom of the Press Index (Freedom House)
1
Political Indicators
1
Rural Communication, Media in Rural Areas
1
Apartheid
1
Rohingya
1
Popular Movements
1
Networks & Networking
1
Social Aspects
1
Revolutions
1
Social Control
1
Digital Television
1
Telecommunication Companies, Mobile Phone & Fixed Line Operators
1
Cable Television
1
Commercial Television
1
Al-Hurra (Television Channel)
1
Television Programmes & Genres
1
Television Talk Shows
1
Postcolonial & Decolonial Communication Approaches
1
User-Generated Contents
1
Illustrations, Pictures, Images
1
Visual Cultures
1
Youth Cultures, Youth Milieus, Youth Identities
1
Language
Document type
Countries / Regions
Authors & Publishers
Media focus
Publication Years
Methods applied
Journals
Output Type
Information Not Found: The “Right to be Forgotten” as an Emerging Threat to Media Freedom in the Digital Age
Washington, DC: Center for International Media Assistance (CIMA) (2018)
"The so-called Right to be Forgotten (RTBF) refers to the removal of content from either search engine indexes or even the entire internet so that it is not readily accessible to end users. While the concept emerged out of a European legal tradition that favors the privacy of non-public individuals,
...
Do East Africans Still Want a Free Media? Afrobarometer Finds Weakening Popular Support
Accra: Afrobarometer (2018), 5 pp.
"Popular support for a free news media has declined significantly in Kenya, Uganda, and Tanzania – three countries currently making headlines for government attempts to limit press freedom. Recent Afrobarometer surveys show that the proportion of respondents who say the government “should have t
...
Medienrecht: Lehrbuch des gesamten Medienrechts unter besonderer Berücksichtigung von Presse, Rundfunk und Multimedia
Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, 22., aktual. und erg. Aufl. (2018), xxxiv, 481 pp.
"Ein umfassender aktueller Überblick über das Medienrecht. Aufgrund der sich ständig und grundlegend ändernden Medienlandschaft und des sich wandelnden Medienrechts hat Frank Fechner in den letzten 20 Jahren sein Lehrbuch jedes Jahr überarbeitet und Gesetzesänderungen, Rechtsprechung und die e
...
Violence against journalists: Suppressing media freedom
"Freedom of expression is a basic human right that is crucial for respectable governance, human dignity and the application of the rule of law. However, due to the circumstances we are currently facing that include the increase in the rate of violence and crimes, it is seriously essential to provide
...
"The Monitor assesses the risks to media pluralism based on a set of twenty indicators covering a broad notion of media pluralism that encompasses political, cultural, geographical, structural and content related dimensions. All types of media are covered: public service, commercial, community media
...
Indonesian double standards over press freedom endanger safety of Papuan journalists
Media Asia, volume 44, issue 1 (2017), pp. 40-47
"The World Press Freedom Day celebration in Jakarta was a milestone for Indonesia’s democratic progress, but it was also remarkable for the silence around gross violations in the country’s Papuan provinces, writes David Robie." (Abstract)
Freedom of the Press 2017: Press Freedom’s Dark Horizon
Top Insights
Washington, DC: Freedom House (2017), 28 pp.
"Press freedom worldwide deteriorated to its lowest point in 13 years in 2016, driven by unprecedented threats to journalists and media outlets in major democracies, intensified crackdowns on independent media in authoritarian settings, and moves by the Russian and Chinese regimes to increase their
...
Pathways to Media Reform in Sub-Saharan Africa: Reflections from a Regional Consultation
Top Insights
Washington, DC: Center for International Media Assistance (CIMA) (2017), 25 pp.
"To ensure that African media organizations remain viable players in this changing political and economic landscape, new coalitions need to be built and existing ones strengthened. The existing coalitions in the region display certain weaknesses: they tend to be unevenly spread across the region and
...
Freedom of Speech in Russia: Politics and Media from Gorbachev to Putin
London; New York: Routledge (2017), viii, 363 pp.
"This book traces the life of free speech in Russia from the final years of the Soviet Union to the present. It shows how long-cherished hopes for an open society in which people would speak freely and tell truth to power fared under Gorbachev’s glasnost; how free speech was a real, if fractured,
...
Digging for Transparency: How African Journalism Only Scratches the Surface of Conflict
Global Media Journal - African Edition, volume 9, issue 1 (2017), pp. 1-10
"It has become a pattern to find academics, professionals and students of journalism bragging with the scope, techniques and dilemmas of investigative journalism. But there is one gaping hole: nowhere was information collated about the heroic contributions, and often the sacrifices, that were made f
...
Public Trust in Elections: The Role of Media Freedom and Election Management Autonomy
Accra: Afrobarometer (2017), 24 pp.
"Very few cross-national studies have examined the consequences of electoral manipulation, including the manipulation of election administration and the media, on citizens’ trust in elections. This paper addresses this gap by exploring how autonomy of election management bodies (EMBs) and media fr
...
Estándares internacionales de libertad de expresión: Guía básica para operadores de justicia en América Latina
Key Guidance
Washington, DC: Center for International Media Assistance (CIMA) (2017), 39 pp.
"[...] es una herramienta indispensable para operadores de justicia que tratan casos sobre la libertad de expresión. La guía, producida conjuntamente por la UNESCO y la oficina del Relator Especial para Libertad de Expresión (RELE) y escrita por Silvia Chocarro, es un mapa esencial de los estánd
...
A Changing Asian Media: Assessing Challenges and Opportunities for Evolving Media in South and Southeast Asia
International Media Support (IMS); Fojo Media Institute (2017), 51 pp.
"Countries in the regions despite extreme diversity share many of the same challenges with their media environments – particularly when it comes to quality content production and distribution, journalist safety and impunity, the enabling legal environment, gender and social inequality as well as m
...
Pluralism Under Attack: The Assault on Press Freedom in Poland
Washington, DC: Freedom House (2017), 20 pp.
"Poland has become a crucial battleground in the drive by authoritarian-minded leaders to gain control over political discourse and limit media pluralism. The Law and Justice government has sought to control the media as part of a broader push to weaken checks and balances and silence independent vo
...
Job Autonomy: How Kenyan Newspeople Perceive their Journalistic Latitudes
African Journalism Studies, volume 38, issue 2 (2017), pp. 90-114
"National in scope, this survey of Kenyan journalists conducted in 2012–2013 (n = 504) examines job autonomy in news selection decisions, media freedom and predictors of journalistic autonomy. The research also investigates the relationship between Kenya’s media freedom and journalistic autonomy
...
World Trends in Freedom of Expression and Media Development: Global Report 2017/2018
Top Insights
Paris: UNESCO (2017), 200 pp.
"We have noted profound transformations in the field of media freedom, which is making progress in certain areas, but losing ground in others. Media freedom is limited in particular by many legal restrictions on the right to impart information and ideas, although progress is being made with regard t
...
Shooting the messengers
British Journalism Review, volume 28, issue 1 (2017), pp. 57-62
"More and more countries are deciding the answer to a bad press is to imprison journalists who dare to report anything that is critical." (Abstract)
"Political parties do not exist in Iran. In this situation the media, particularly the newspapers, have assumed a central role in the political life of the country." (Publisher description)
"In 2016, television broadcasts were watched by 80 percent of the population, Slovak citizens did watch more programmes in their non-mother tongue than in other EU countries." (https://medialandscapes.org)
Cambodia: The Independent Press in Ruins
Paris: Reporters Without Borders (2017), 26 pp.
