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Why do pluralistic media systems emerge? Comparing media change in the Czech Republic and in Russia after the collapse of communism

Florian Toepfl

Global Media and Communication, volume 9, issue 3 (2013), pp. 239-256

"A quarter of a century after the collapse of communism in the former Eastern bloc, a wide range of scholarly projects have been undertaken to compare and theorize processes of media change in the region. One question that scholars have sought to address is: what were the factors that crucially impa ... more

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A Critique of the Systems Approaches in Comparative Media Research: A Central and Eastern European Perspective

Terhi Rantanen

Global Media and Communication, volume 9, issue 3 (2013), pp. 257-277

"This article looks critically at the systems approaches in comparative media studies when applied to studying the relationship between media and politics in Central and Eastern Europe (CEE). It introduces a concept of methodological systematization consisting of four different components: (1) the r ... more

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Memory, Conflict and New Media: Web Wars in Post-Socialist States

Ellen Rutten, Julie Fedor, Vera Zvereva (eds.)

London; New York: Routledge (2013), xv, 265 pp.

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Major Trends of Media Development During Post-Communist Transition

Ilda Londo

Berlin: Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung (FES) (2012), 14 pp.

"Even though the Albanian media is relatively young, it went through a dynamic and fast development. Unlike other countries in the region, the change of the political system in 1991 not only led to the end of media monopolization by the government, but also to the disappearance of nearly all existin ... more

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Central and Eastern European Media in Comparative Perspective: Politics, Economy and Culture

John Downey, Sabina Mihelj (eds.)

Surrey; Burlington, Vt.: Ashgate (2012), xii, 199 pp.

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After the Czars and Commissars: Journalism in Authoritarian Post-Soviet Central Asia

Eric Freedman, Richard Shafer (eds.)

East Lansing: Michigan State University Press (2011), 299 pp.

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Pilgrimage Phenomenon in the New Context of Post-Communist Romanian Media

Mihaela-Simona Apostol

ESSACHESS: Journal for Communication Studies, volume 4, issue 8 (2011), pp. 127-143

"Twenty years after the fall of communism in Romania, there are two main pilgrimages that dominate the Orthodox religious environment: the pilgrimage to Saint Parascheva of Iasi and the pilgrimage to Saint Dumitru cel Nou, Basarabov in Bucharest. These two pilgrimages are practiced in old sacred cen ... more

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New Developments in Central Asian Mass Media Research

Eric Freedman, Richard Shafer

Central Asia and the Caucasus, volume 12, issue 4 (2011), pp. 128-143

"This wide range of contemporary mass media research illustrates how Central Asia press outlets remain tightly controlled and manipulated, first under the czars, then under the Soviets, and now under authoritarian regimes. Over the past two decades, the press systems have not achieved even minimal d ... emocratization and independence by international standards. Perhaps the Internet and other technologies will have a better chance of circumventing censors and the economic obstacles that deny the great mass of Central Asians the ability to participate in a useful dialog leading to more transparent and participatory governance. Several overarching observations emerge from this synthesized examination of recent research. The five separate press systems that replaced the single Soviet system share many commonalities, although significant differences also exist. These studies indicate varying but not decisive degrees of external influences from multi-governmental entities, media-building foundations, and promoters of civil society; such influences on Central Asian media development originate with mostly Western-based journalism and mass media trainers. Another observation concerns regimes’ use and abuse of laws to control information about public affairs and public issues. That pattern evident from several studies reflects a disconnect between constitutional and statutory guarantees of press freedom on one side and actual threats to those guarantees on the other side due to libel and “honor and dignity” suits, criminal prosecutions, and tightening regulation of the Internet. Examined collectively, these studies suggest the following obstacles to democratic and independent media development in Central Asia: strict governmental and extra-governmental restraints on the press, regardless of the type of medium—print, broadcast, or Internet; inadequate professional training, leadership, resources, financial incentives, and ethical standards for journalists and prospective journalists; limitations on the ability of domestic and international press and human rights defenders to compel changes in policies and laws; insufficient market resources to create and sustain independent news organizations; and a resulting lack of credibility and public trust in the press." (Summary and conclusions, page 142) more

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Footprint of Financial Crisis in the Media

London: Media Program Open Society Institute (2010), 14 pp.

"The global economic downturn has affected countless businesses across the region, forcing them to slash costs, lay off employees, and reduce output. Media businesses are no exception. However, when media businesses are hit, it is not just their turnover that suffers: their primary function, the del ... more

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Media in Post-Communist Mongolia

Poul Erik Nielsen

Nordicom Review, volume 30, issue 2 (2009), pp. 19-33

"The introduction of a liberal media model built on freedom of expression, non-regulation, and free market in Post-Communist Mongolia has lead to a plethora of new media outlets. In a context of external pluralism, the media are key players in dramatic political, social, and cultural changes in Mong ... more

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Media, Democracy and Freedom: The Post-Communist Experience

Marta Dyczok (ed.)

Bern et al.: Peter Lang (2009), 246 pp.

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Journalism in Central Asia: A Victim of Politics, Economics, and Widespread Self-censorship

Timothy Kenny, Peter Gross

International Journal of Press/Politics, volume 13, issue 4 (2008), pp. 515-525

"Significant efforts to develop an independent journalism have stumbled badly in Central Asia, where politics, economics and the unforeseen consequence of widespread self-censorship have derailed development of a Western-style media and the democracy it serves. What is worse, from Kazakhstan to Uzbe ... more

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Television, Power and the Public in Russia

Ellen Mickiewicz

New York: Cambridge University Press (2008), viii, 212 pp.

"The Russian media are widely seen to be increasingly controlled by the government. Leaders buy up dissenting television channels and pour money in as fast as it haemorrhages out. As a result, TV news has become narrower in scope and in the range of viewpoints which it reflects: leaders demand assim ... more

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Rude Awakening: Social and Media Change in Central and Eastern Europe

Karol Jakubowicz

Cresskill, New Jers.: Hampton Press (2007), 451 pp.

"This book examines processes of media change in post-Communist countries. Considerable attention is paid to the general process of transformation before turning to the media in particular. In this reexamination of the media under the Communist system and its role in the transition, the stress is on ... more

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Media and Journalism in Romania

Mihai Coman, Peter Gross

Berlin: Vistas (2006), 149 pp.

"This books is the first standard introduction into the situation of the mass media and journalism in Romania [...] The mass media system of Romania is shown in its essential elements: the legal framework, the economy of the media, the institutional structure of the printed press and of the audio-vi ... more

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Regulierung des öffentlich-rechtlichen Rundfunks in der Gemeinschaft unabhängiger Staaten: Sonderbericht zu gesetzlichen Rahmen für den öffentlich-rechtlichen Rundfunk in Aserbaidschan, Georgien, Moldau, Russland und der Ukraine

Andrei Richter, Dmitry Golovanov

Susanne Nikoltchev (ed.)

Straßburg: Europäische Audiovisuelle Informationsstelle (2006), 42 pp.

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Post-Communist Media Development in Perspective

Karol Jacubowicz

Bonn: Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung (FES) (2005), 16 pp.

"Press freedom provides both the oxygen of democracy and the laughing gas of infotainment and commercial exploitation. This has been something of a shocking discovery to make for people in Central and Eastern Europe. When they were trying to imagine, and plan for, a new media order once the Communis ... more

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Media Ownership: Impact on Media Independence and Pluralism in Slovenia and Other Post-Socialist European Countries

Sandra Bašic-Hrvatin, Brankica Petkovic, Lenart J. Kucic

Ljubljana: Peace Institute (2004), 89 pp.

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Mass Media Assessment: Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan

Sean Roberts, Mark Koening

USAID (2004), 63 pp.

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The Press in Transition: A Comparative Study of Nicaragua, South Africa, Jordan and Russia

Adam Jones

Hamburg: Deutsches Übersee-Institut (2002), 524 pp.

"The press in transition" chronicles and evaluates the experiences of six press institutions in four markedly different media systems. The book adopts a comparative framing to explore press functioning worldwide, and to draw preliminary conclusions about the press in transition. At the heart of the ... more