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Media Coverage of Religious Diversity and Freedoms: Iraq, Lebanon, Sudan

Jaber Baker

Metn: Samir Kassir Foundation (2023), 19 pp.

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What About Us? Global Perspectives on Redressing Religious Inequalities

Mariz Tadros (ed.)

Brighton: Institute of Development Studies (IDS); Coalition for Religious Equality and Inclusive Development (CREID) (2022), xx, 332 pp.

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Marginalized Religious Communities in Indonesian Media: A Baseline Study

Muhamad Heychael, Holy Rafika, Justito Adiprasetyo, Yovantra Arief

Remotivi; International Media Support (IMS) (2021), 68 pp.

"This study finds that the Indonesian media ecosystem is not a safe space for marginalized religions. As explained in the conclusion to the content analysis, the space given by the media for news coverage of marginalized religious groups is still very small. Although non-Islamic official religions e ... more

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Religious Minorities in Online Spaces: Research on their Experiences in Pakistan

Digital Rights Foundation (DRF) (2021), 31 pp.

"Our findings, combined with the individual statements we collected from our participants paint a bleak picture of the online experiences of religious minorities in Pakistan. It is pertinent to not only encourage reflection amongst society at large, but also to call on the state to take responsibili ... more

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Media Coverage of Religious Freedom and Diversity in Iraq, Lebanon and Sudan: Content Analysis Report

Safwan Jad, Widad Jarbouh

Beirut: Samir Kassir Foundation; Internews (2020), 57 pp.

"The most mentioned religious groups include Muslims (Sunnis and Shiites). This is logical given that Islam is the majority religion in the three monitored countries. There is also a fair amount of content mentioning Christians in each country as well as Shiites and Sunnis in both Lebanon and Iraq. ... more

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Muslim Religious Oratory on Swedish Public Service Radio

Simon Stjernholm

Journal of Contemporary Religion, volume 34, issue 1 (2019), pp. 57-73

"This article analyses religious Morning Services, delivered by eight Muslim speakers, broadcast on Swedish public service radio during 2013 and 2014. Morning Services have been broadcast on Swedish radio since 1930, but only in recent years have non-Christian speakers been invited to contribute. In ... more

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Quel destin pour les minorités au Proche-Orient? Regards sur la diversité culturelle et religieuse en Irak, au Liban et en Syrie

Issy-les-Moulineaux, France: CFI; NASEEJ (2018), 30 pp.

"Les médias reflètent-ils les sociétés telles qu’elles sont aujourd’hui ou bien ne reflètent-ils que les tendances majoritaires ? Comment mettre en lumière les différences et les particularismes sans encourager le communautarisme et contribuer aux divisions ? Le rôle des médias est-il d ... more

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Fearing the Majority: Catholic Media in Muslim Indonesia

Wijayanto

Media Asia, volume 44, issue 1 (2017), pp. 33-39

"It was 16 June 2016, during the fasting month of Ramadhan. Inside the Kompas newsroom, tens of uninvited guests, mostly wearing white, were visiting the office of the media group. They were members of Islamic Defenders Front (FPI), a hardline Islamic group well known for its sporadic sweeping of In ... donesia, mostly in the name of defending Syaria law. Two days before, a letter had been sent to Kompas newsroom from the FPI, saying they wanted to seek clarification about some of the paper’s coverage. That night, one of the journalists said to me with a bitter smile, “This is a special exception where a guest determined the date and time of the visit without waiting for approval.” As planned, around 1 pm on June 16, those special guests were seated in one of the newspaper’s conference rooms, welcomed by chief editor of Kompas daily newspaper, Budiman Tanuredjo, as well as some other chiefs of the media group from Kompas.TV and Kompas.com. In a video that went viral on YouTube, people could see that the discussion was rather one-sided. The FPI members spoke while the journalist were mostly listening to them. Munarman, the FPI’s spokesperson, accused the media group of unfairly covering recent events. He highlighted the news about the latest swoop in Serang Regency, which caught a middle-aged woman, Saeni, selling food during the day during the fasting month. It was carried out by Satpol PP, the municipal police of the local government specifically functions as public order enforcers. Munarman believed that the raid was virtuous, to enforce Syaria law. He said Kompas had reported the news in a way that portrayed Saeni as a victim and the Satpol PP as the aggressor. Thus, in the view of FPI, Kompas had hurt the feeling of Muslim people. They demanded the coverage to be stopped. They also warned the news organization to never again do such reportage. The FPI members did not stop there. Munarman and other FPI members also incited violence. In an aggressive tone, Munarman warned that such coverage could provoke a repeat of the incidents of 1998. This was a reference to the mass riots in the days before the forced resignation of President Suharto on 21 May 1998. The riot involved ethnic violence against the Chinese minority. Thousands of stores owned by Chinese Indonesians were destroyed, robbed and burnt. Furthermore, tens of Chinese women were sexually abused. There is still ongoing debate about the underlying reasons why the Chinese were targeted, but one theory suggests that it was part of a regime strategy to channel public anger away from President Suharto. Interestingly, despite believing that Kompas was not wrong in a journalistic sense, their journalists responded to the accusations with submission. Responding with smile and a lower tone, Budiman Tanuredjo said, “If we were seen as already crossing the boundaries (kebablasan), please kindly let us know” (Budiman Tanuredjo, 23 June 2016). In the same vein, the journalists from Kompas TV responded that “we were advised that we might have crossed the boundaries in our way, our news routine, we really make it as a lesson”. The other senior journalists who acted as a spokesperson of the media said, “Thank you for your reminder.” Instead of arguing that they were acting according to their journalistic judgment, they decided to admit that they were wrong and apologise to the hardliners. The submissiveness of Kompas becomes more interesting when viewed against the fact that it was not the only media to report the incident. There were at least 10 other online media that reported the raid on Saeni. Those media were Republika, SindoNews, DW, BBC, BeritaSatu, Detik, Tempo, The Jakarta Post, Media Indonesia and Viva. Republika – an Islamic newspaper – was one of the most critical of the raid, explicitly describing Saeni as a victim. On 13 June 2016, they wrote that the spokesperson of the President said that the President had given support to Saeni, “who had been the victim of Satpol PP”. The article’s title was, “Jokowi Gave Charity to a Mother Who Sold Food.” The use of the word “victim” implied that there was a perpetrator, which was the Satpol PP. Yet, FPI did not attack Republika or any other media. Only Kompas became their target. This article argues that the allegations against Kompas and its response were a result of historical factors. Kompas has been repeatedly attacked by Islamic groups due to its Catholic roots. This tendency is exacerbated by the fact that existing blasphemy law provides immense space to prosecute anyone deemed to be offending the feelings of religious believers. Kompas journalists end up internalizing a belief that being minority Catholic is an “original sin” in a majority Muslim country." (pp.33-34) more

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Transnational Religious Practices on Facebook

Seyedehbehnaz Hosseini

CyberOrient, volume 11, issue 2 (2017), pp. 6-91

"The Yezidis' re-appropriation of their religion in recent years reveals their beliefs more clearly than ever: especially through media. The community uses Facebook as a tool to show its identity in a way that was unimaginable throughout its prior history. Today, cyberspace provides them an environm ... more

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Media and Minorities: Questions on Representation from an International Perspective

Georg Ruhrmann, Yasemin Shooman, Peter Widmann (eds.)

Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht; Jewish Museum Berlin (2016), 237 pp.

"Many members of a majority population draw their knowledge about minorities, migration, and integration primarily from the media. But what images of ethnic and religious minorities are propagated by newspapers, television, radio, and the Internet? What effects do these media representations have on ... more

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Heretics: Iran’s Religious Minorities

James Marchant, Liana Aghajanian

Small Media (2014), 148 pp.

"With this report we explore how different religious minorities in Iran use the internet to engage with their communities in Iran and around the world. To build a representative picture, we drew on diverse sources, piecing together historical accounts, content analysis, legal frameworks, and the voi ... more

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Media and the Vulnerable in Indonesia: Accounts from the Margins

Yanuar Nugroho, Leonardus K. Nugraha, Shita Laksmi, Mirta Amalia, Dinita Andriani Putri, Dwitri Amalia

Jakarta: Centre for Innovation Policy and Governance (CIPG); Hivos (2013), 135 pp.

"Aims to map the implication of the political economy dynamics of the media on citizens’ right to media from the perspective of citizens, in particular those who are vulnerable and weak(ened). Due to the effect of the contemporary political economy of media in Indonesia, the premise of equal citiz ... more

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Misuse of the Blasphemy Law and Religious Minorities in Pakistan: Report of the International Hearing

Geneva: World Council of Churches Publications (2013), ix, 109 pp.

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(Amplified) Voices for the Voiceless

David Faris

Arab Media & Society, issue 11 (2010), 20 pp.

"David Faris looks at the role bloggers played in the campaign to enable Egypt's tiny Baha'i minority to obtain identity cards without identifying themselves as Muslims or Christians. He traces the links between a handful of Baha'i bloggers, a wider circle of sympathetic activist bloggers and some k ... more

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Quoting God: How Media Shape Ideas About Religion and Culture

Claire Hoertz Badaracco (ed.)

Waco, Tex.: Baylor University Press (2005), xv, 317 pp.

"Each of the eleven chapters in Quoting God pairs an academic and a journalist. First, the scholar holds forth, followed by a "View from the News Desk." Together, they represent many and diverse voices. Badaracco's book shows the relationship between media culture and spiritual culture, recognizing ... more

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Der Islam in der Gegenwart

Werner Ende, Udo Steinbach (eds.)

Bonn: Bundeszentrale für politische Bildung (bpb), 5., aktual. und erw. Aufl., Lizenzausg. (2005), 1064 pp.