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Journalism under Duress: Worlds of Journalism Study Report (Wave 3: 2021–2025)
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Thomas Hanitzsch, Folker Hanusch, Corinna Lauerer, Vera Slavtcheva-Petkova (eds.)

Munich: WJS Center Ludwig-Maximilian Universität (LMU) (2025), 371 pp.

"This report presents findings from the third wave of the Worlds of Journalism Study (WJS3), conducted between 2021 and 2025. In this iteration, we focused on journalists’ perceptions of risk and uncertainty in their profession and sought to identify key factors that shape how journalists navigate ... more

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Results of the survey for journalists

Taktak; Display Europe (2025), 9 pp.

"This report presents the main results of the surveys for journalists launched by the European cofunded project Taktak in collaboration with Display Europe in July and November 2024. The surveys aimed to have an overview of the working life of journalists in Europe, and gathered 436 replies. The two ... more

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Journalistic Work During a Pandemic: Changing Contexts and Subjective Perceptions

Jana Rick, Thomas Hanitzsch

Journalism Practice, volume 18, issue 1 (2024), pp. 99-118

"This study explores the extent to which the Corona pandemic has changed the working conditions of journalists in Germany and how they perceive these changes. The goal is to provide both the scale and qualitative nature of Corona-induced changes in the working environment of journalists by means of ... more

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Journalists’ Perceptions of Precarity: Toward a Theoretical Model

Jana Rick, Thomas Hanitzsch

Journalism Studies, volume 25, issue 2 (2024), pp. 199-217

"Journalistic work has become increasingly precarious. Labor conditions in the profession meet several criteria of precarity, as established in the sociology of work. Journalists, especially freelancers, often have low and unstable incomes and only limited access to social insurance. Thus far, preca ... more

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Women and the media in Afghanistan: How to support female media workers in a challenging landscape

Catharine Buckell, Mahdi Zaki, Shukrana Azizi Suzanne Devai

London: BBC Media Action (2024), 50 pp.

"Women in Afghanistan continue to have less access to information than men, particularly through TV and the internet. At least 33% of women (more in rural areas) rely on family as a key source of information, while men prioritise other information sources. Yet Afghan women’s information needs have ... never been more pronounced – due to restrictions on their activities, many are confined to their homes. Women in Afghanistan with media access rely on this more than ever to keep updated on issues that concern them, and spend more time accessing and using media: "Now women are in the confines of their homes… The virtual space is the only window for us to learn about what is happening." (Female FGD participant, Herat). Two-thirds (65%) of female survey respondents say that the media is “very important” in their daily lives, compared with half (51%) of male respondents. Despite various efforts to cater to female audiences, 67% of female and male respondents feel that Afghan media only “somewhat” or “rarely” meets women’s needs. Reflecting restrictions on media content, respondents complain that domestic media contains too much religious content and not enough entertainment. However, educational content is still allowed, providing women and girls who are denied access to schooling with a vital source of education. Respondents are more satisfied with the balance of content in international media and media run by Afghans in exile, and they are more likely to watch some types of entertainment, such as movies, on international than domestic TV. However, a number of international media outlets are inaccessible from Afghanistan. Journalists inside Afghanistan are banned from working with international TV/radio channels or news sites, and some have been arrested for doing so. 87% of respondents say the presence of women in the media in Afghanistan has decreased since August 2021. Only 41% could name a female presenter or journalist. Almost all of those named by respondents worked in the media before 2021, or currently work from outside Afghanistan. Audience members support women featuring in news and educational programmes but are less supportive of them featuring in comedy and sports content. Over half (54%) of the general survey respondents say they would support a female relative to work as a journalist. A further 12% would support a female relative under certain conditions, including wearing the hijab and travelling with a mahram (women cannot leave their home without a male chaperone)." (Executive summary, page 6) more

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‘We’re Losing Our Bread and Butter Like Never Before’: Journalism in Bangladesh in the Face of the COVID-19 Pandemic

Shaharior Rahman Razu, Fajlay Rabbi, Mahdi-Al-Muhtasim Nibir, Farhana Hoque, Shahidul Islam

In: Communicating COVID-19: Media, Trust, and Public Engagement

Monique Lewis, Eliza Govender, Kate Holland (eds.)

Palgrave Macmillan (2024), pp. 65-82

"The COVID-19 pandemic has caused an increased challenge for journalists and media professionals worldwide. However, there is a lack of information on these adversities in many developing countries, including Bangladesh. Our study aims to explore these challenges and risks associated with journalism ... more

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An Intersectional Analysis of Aotearoa New Zealand Journalists’ Online and Offline Experiences of Abuse, Threats and Violence

Susan Fountaine, Cathy Strong

Journalism Studies, volume 25, issue 2 (2024), pp. 160-180

"Criticism towards journalists has increased significantly since the internet created easy and anonymous communication and has turned more abusive and threatening in recent years, becoming a regular feature of journalists’ work environment, particularly for women. This article presents survey data ... more

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Safety of journalists: The symbolic violence and double burden of marginalized journalists

Sandra Banjac

In: The Routledge Companion to Digital Journalism Studies

Scott A. II Eldridge, David Cheruiyot, Sandra Banjac, Joëlle Swart (eds.)

London; New York: Routledge (2024), 10 pp.

"Journalists have always worked amidst risks to their safety; risks that have become all the more exacerbated in the digital age. Scholarship has documented journalists confronting cyberattacks, various forms of harassment, verbal abuse and hate speech, as well as legal threats from a variety of act ... more

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Negotiating between gender, national and professional identities: The work-experience of Israeli-Palestinian women journalists

Einat Lachover

Ethnicities, volume 24, issue 1 (2024), pp. 123-141

"This paper analyzes the work experience of Israeli-Palestinian women journalists who reside and work in Israel for local news organizations or non-Israeli news agencies. It focuses on their experiences related to the intersected axes of their gender, ethnic, and national identities. Through themati ... more

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How Newsroom Social Media Policies Can Improve Journalists' Well-Being

Logan Molyneux, Jacob L. Nelson

In: Happiness in Journalism

Valérie Bélair-Gagnon, Avery E. Holton, Mark Deuze, Claudia Mellado (eds.)

London; New York: Routledge (2023), pp. 78-86

"This chapter draws on a discourse analysis of newsroom social media policies, and in-depth interviews with journalists focused on their reactions to the social media policies within the newsrooms in which they have worked, and their recommendations for how those policies should be improved." (Abstr ... more

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Happiness in Journalism

Valérie Bélair-Gagnon, Avery E. Holton, Mark Deuze, Claudia Mellado (eds.)

London; New York: Routledge (2023), xi, 204 pp.

"This book examines how journalism can overcome harmful institutional issues such as work-related trauma and precarity, focusing specifically on questions of what happiness in journalism means, and how one can be successful and happy on the job. Acknowledging profound variations across people, genre ... more

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“We always report under pressure”: Professionalism and journalistic identity among regional journalists in a conflict zone

Sayyed Fawad Ali Shah, Tamar Ginossar, Muhammad Ittefaq

Journalism, volume 24, issue 4 (2023), pp. 709–728

"This study explores how regional journalists in Pakistan conceptualize journalistic professionalism, how they perceive their journalistic identities, and how local socio-political and economic realities shape their professional identification. Analysis of interviews with 33 journalists working in P ... more

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Women in Media: Serbia Survey

Tamara Skrozza, Miodrag Mrkšic, Katarina Tomovic

London: Peaceful Change Initiative (2023), 29 pp.

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Women in Media: Kosovo Survey

Dafina Halili, Dion Krasniqi, Gentiana Sylejmani

London: Peaceful Change Initiative (2023), 31 pp.

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Journalists Considering an Exit

Jana Rick

In: Happiness in Journalism

Valérie Bélair-Gagnon, Avery E. Holton, Mark Deuze, Claudia Mellado (eds.)

London; New York: Routledge (2023), pp. 11-18

"This chapter examines the results of a number of studies that considered whether and why journalists sought to leave the profession. They found that freelance, female, and low earning journalists were the most likely to leave." (Abstract)

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Journalists' Insurance Coverage in Lebanon

Nadine Moubarak

Metn: Samir Kassir Foundation (2023), 26 pp.

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Between Shadows and Stories: Navigating the Journey of Afghan Journalists, from Aug. 15, 2021 to Aug. 15, 2023

Afghanistan's National Journalists Union (2023), 17 pp.

"The Afghan media landscape stands at a crossroads, navigating a landscape rife with challenges and uncertainties in the wake of the Taliban's resurgence. The post-Taliban era, marked by a thriving media sector with 160 television channels, 311 radio stations, 90 print newspapers, and 26 news agenci ... es, has witnessed a drastic transformation. The current media landscape, with 70 television channels, 211 radio stations, 11 print newspapers, and 9 news agencies, reflects a significant decline in numbers and diversity. Under the de facto rule of the Taliban, the media sector has encountered substantial constraints. Censorship and self-censorship have become rampant, with journalists and media outlets navigating the perilous territory of permissible content. Threats, intimidation, and violence against media professionals have created an atmosphere of fear, leading to an exodus of skilled journalists. Investigative journalism, once a cornerstone of accountability, has been stifled, and access to unbiased information has dwindled, leaving citizens ill-informed. The closure of media outlets has far-reaching implications, including restricted information flow, suppressed free speech, and diminished content diversity. The narrative has further fragmented between Kabul and the provinces, where media freedom varies significantly. Female journalists remain conspicuously absent in many regions, underscoring the entrenched gender disparity in the field. International media outlets, under surveillance and restraints, grapple with maintaining their operations and integrity in an increasingly controlled environment. Social media, once a platform for open dialogue, faces censorship and restrictions, hampering the exchange of ideas. As Afghanistan's media landscape evolves, the absence of comprehensive legal frameworks has exacerbated challenges. The suspension of the Mass Media Law and the Access to Information Law during the transitional phase has left media professionals in a legal gray area. The need for inclusive consultations with media stakeholders to shape these laws cannot be overstated. In this complex milieu, it is evident that safeguarding the media's role as a communication bridge between the government and the people is paramount. Collaborative efforts between the Islamic Emirate, the international community, and media support organizations are essential to prevent the collapse of Afghanistan's media landscape." (Conclusion, pages 16-17) more

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Workplace Happiness, Journalism and COVID-19 in South Asia

Achala Abeykoon, Archana Kumari, Mohammad Sahid Ullah, Pallavi Majumdar, Sajjad Ali, Mou Mukherjee Das, Santosh Kumar Biswal, M. C. Rasmin, Shilpa Kalyan, Mohd Shahid, Mamunor Rashid

In: Happiness in Journalism

Valérie Bélair-Gagnon, Avery E. Holton, Mark Deuze, Claudia Mellado (eds.)

London; New York: Routledge (2023), pp. 166-174

"This chapter explores some of the positive strategies employed by South Asian media institutions to enhance workplace happiness and help journalists to cope with stress and traumatic experiences during the COVID-19 pandemic. Happiness is crucial for media institutions because journalism is one of t ... more

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Impact of Job Risks on Job Performance and Propensity to Quit Journalism among Television Camerapersons Covering Conflicts in Nigeria

Verlumun Celestine Gever, Felix Olajide Talabi, Joshua Kayode Okunade, Ayodeji Boluwatife Aiyesimoju, Bernice Sanusi, Samson Adedapo Bello, Oberiri Destiny Apuke

Electronic News, volume 17, issue 2 (2023), pp. 76-92

"This study examined the impact of job risks on job performance and the propensity to quit journalism among 576 TV camerapersons covering insecurity in Nigeria. The result of the study showed a significant main effect of job risks on job performance, F(2,548)*=*241.016, p*=*.001, eta squared, *p2*=* ... more

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Precarity in the journalistic workforce during the COVID-19 pandemic: A representative survey of Belgian journalists

Sarah Van Leuven, Bart Vanhaelewyn, Karin Raeymaeckers

ECREA Journalism Studies Section Conference 'Journalism Studies Meets Practice' (2023), 1 p.

"The Center for Journalism Studies (Ghent University, Belgium) has a long tradition in profiling studies of journalists based on survey research in collaboration with the Belgian associations of professional journalists (VVJ and AJP). Every five years (since 2003, last wave in 2018), a representativ ... more

Journalism under Duress: Worlds of Journalism Study Report (Wave 3: 2021–2025) Top Insights

Journalism under Duress: Worlds of Journalism Study Report (Wave 3: 2021–2025)
Top Insights